Nanobiosensors for Environmental Monitoring: Fundamentals and Application

Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
Editors and Contributors
1 Introduction to Nanobiosensors
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Types of Nanobiosensors
	1.3 Properties and Fabrication of Nanobiosensors
	1.4 Potentialities of Nanobiosensors in the Environment Domain
	1.5 Miscellaneous Applications of Nanobiosensors
		1.5.1 Agricultural
		1.5.2 Biomedical
		1.5.3 Food Safety and Monitoring Applications
	1.6 Recent Trends and Limitations
	1.7 Conclusion
	References
2 Classification, Properties, and Fabrication Techniques of Nanobiosensors
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Classification of Nanobiosensors
		2.2.1 Classification Based on Transducer
		2.2.2 Based on Bioreceptors
	2.3 Properties of Nanobiosensors
	2.4 Fabrication of Nanobiosensors
		2.4.1 Physical Fabrication
		2.4.2 Chemical Fabrication
		2.4.3 Surface Modifications
	2.5 Challenges and Future Perspectives
	2.6 Conclusion
	References
3 Nanobiosensors’ Potentialities for Environmental Monitoring
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Types of Nanobiosensors
		3.2.1 NPs-Based Biosensors (NPBS)
		3.2.2 NTs-Based Sensors (NTBS)
		3.2.3 NWs-Based Sensors (NWBSs)
		3.2.4 QDs-Based Sensors (QDNSs)
	3.3 Nanobiosensors for Detection of Environmental Pathogens
		3.3.1 Viruses
		3.3.2 Fungus
		3.3.3 Bacteria
	3.4 Nanobiosensors for the Detection of Heavy Metals
	3.5 Nanobiosensor for Detection of Soil and Air Contaminants
		3.5.1 Soil Contaminants
		3.5.2 Air Contaminants
	3.6 Conclusion and Prospects
	References
4 Utilization of Nanobiosensors for Wastewater Management
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Nanobiosensors
	4.3 Nanomaterials for Wastewater Treatment
	4.4 Application and Importance of Nanobiosensors for Wastewater Treatment
	4.5 Conclusion
	References
5 Nanobiosensors for Environmental Risk Assessment and Management
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Environmental Risk Assessment
	5.3 Nanobiosensors for Environmental Risk Assesment and Management
		5.3.1 Hazard Identification
		5.3.2 Risk Assessment and Evaluation
		5.3.3 Risk Management and Communication
		5.3.4 Monitoring and Feedback
	5.4 Conclusion
	5.5 Future Remarks
	References
6 Challenges and Scope in Nanobiosensors Utilization for Environmental Monitoring
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Importance of Nanobiosensors for Environmental Monitoring
	6.3 Scope of Nanobiosensor in Environmental Monitoring
		6.3.1 Detection of Heavy Metals
		6.3.2 Detection of Microorganism
	6.4 Nanobiosensors in Health Care
		6.4.1 Nanobiosensors for Detection of Food- and Water-Borne Microorganisms
		6.4.2 Nanobiosensors for Detection of Microbial Toxins
		6.4.3 Nanobiosensors for Detection of Viruses
		6.4.4 Nanobiosensors for Detection of Pesticide
	6.5 Nanobiosensors for Environment Safety and Security
	6.6 Conclusion
	References
7 Role and Significance of Nanobiosensors for Environmental Remediation
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Role and Significance of Nanobiosensors for Environmental Monitoring
	7.3 Nanobiosensors for Environmental Remediation
		7.3.1 Fertilizer Residues
		7.3.2 Pesticide Detection
		7.3.3 Heavy Metal Detection
		7.3.4 Detection of Escherichia Coli
	7.4 Conclusion and Outlook
	References
8 Bioluminescence Sensors for Environmental Monitoring
	8.1 Introduction
		8.1.1 Proper Organism—Application and Choice
		8.1.2 Medicinal Plant—Cultivation Environment Monitoring
		8.1.3 Infectious Disease Detection—Biosensor
		8.1.4 Bacteria as Biosensors
	8.2 The Principle of Bacterial Bioluminescent Biosensor
	8.3 Aptamers
	8.4 Heavy Metals
		8.4.1 Arsenic
		8.4.2 Lead
		8.4.3 Silver (Ag)
	8.5 Soil Contaminants—Aptamer
		8.5.1 Using Aptamer-Based Biosensors for Monitoring Lead in Soil
		8.5.2 Agricultural Toxins Detection Present in Soil
	8.6 Aptamers for Monitoring Air Quality
	8.7 Bacterial Detection Aptamer-Based Biosensors
		8.7.1 Listeria Monocytogenes
		8.7.2 Vibrio Species
	8.8 Applications of Bioluminescent Biosensors
		8.8.1 Detection of Environmental Contaminants
		8.8.2 Applications in the Food Industry
		8.8.3 Bio Drug Delivery Systems
	8.9 Perspectives and Recommendations
	8.10 Conclusion
	References
9 Microbial and Plant Cell Biosensors for Environmental Monitoring
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Types of Biosensors
		9.2.1 Gold Nanorods (GNRs-DNA) DNA Biosensors
		9.2.2 Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)
		9.2.3 Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM) Biosensor
		9.2.4 Microbial Biosensors
	9.3 The Environmental Application of Genetic/Protein Engineering and Synthetic Biology in the Development of Microbial Biosensor
	9.4 Environmental Application of Biosensor
	9.5 The Application of Plant Cell Biosensors for Environmental Monitoring
	9.6 Application of Plant as a Biosensor of Pollutants in the Environment and Monitoring of Pollutants
	9.7 Current Research Trends, Future Challenges, and Limitations of Biosensor Technology
	9.8 Conclusion and Future Recommendation
	References
10 Biomimetic Material-Based Biosensor for Environmental Monitoring
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Biomimetic
	10.3 Biomimetic Nanobiosensors
	10.4 Pathogen Microorganisms
	10.5 Butterfly Wings
	10.6 Bioelectronic Nose
	10.7 Nanoenzymes
	10.8 Conclusion
	References
11 Chemiluminescence Sensors for Environmental Monitoring
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Instrumentation for CL Sensors
		11.2.1 Light-Detection
		11.2.2 Flow Injection Technique
	11.3 Applications
		11.3.1 Determination of the Analytes in the Air/Vapor
		11.3.2 Chemiluminescence-Based Sensors on Metal Ions and Non-metal Ions
		11.3.3 Determination of the Analytes in the Liquid
	11.4 Chemiluminescence for Reactive-Oxygen Species Sensing and Imaging Analysis
	11.5 Conclusions and Prospects
	References
12 Nanobiosensor for Mycotoxin Detection in Foodstuff
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Categories of Mycotoxins
		12.2.1 Fumonisins
		12.2.2 Aflatoxins
		12.2.3 Ochratoxins
		12.2.4 Trichothecenes
		12.2.5 Zearalenone
	12.3 Orthodox Techniques for Mycotoxin Identification
		12.3.1 Chromatographic-Based Methods
		12.3.2 Immunochemical-Based Methods
		12.3.3 Microarrays
	12.4 Biosensors for the Recognition of Mycotoxins
	12.5 Principle of Operational Manual of Nanomaterial in Nanobiosensors
	12.6 Versatility of Nanomaterials in Mycotoxin Detection
	12.7 Sensing Performance of Nanobiosensors for Mycotoxin Detection
	12.8 Nanobiosensors for the Recognition of Mycotoxins
	12.9 Benefits and Challenges Associated with Detection of Mycotoxin by Using Nanobiosensors
	12.10 Conclusion and Future Aspects
	References
13 Current Existing Techniques for Environmental Monitoring
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs)
	13.3 Functionalization
	13.4 CNTs-Based Biosensors for HMI Sensing
		13.4.1 Optical Biosensors
		13.4.2 Field-Effect Transistor (FET) Biosensors
		13.4.3 Electrochemical Biosensors
	13.5 Applications of CNT-Based Sensors in Gas Sensing
		13.5.1 CNT-Based Gas Sensors
		13.5.2 Photosensors for Gas Sensing
		13.5.3 FET Sensors for Gas Sensing
		13.5.4 Pressure Sensors for Gas Sensing
	13.6 Conclusion
	References
14 Molecularly Imprinted Polymers-Based Nanobiosensors for Environmental Monitoring and Analysis
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Molecularly Imprinted Polymers
	14.3 Application of MIP-Based Nanobiosensors for Environmental Monitoring and Analysis
		14.3.1 Pesticide Detection
		14.3.2 Pharmaceutical Product Detection
		14.3.3 Heavy Metals Detection
	14.4 Conclusion and Future Perspective
	References
15 Plasmonic Nanoparticles for Naked-Eye Detection of Environmental Pollutants
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 Colorimetry-Based Plasmonic Nanoparticles
	15.3 Plasmonic Nanoparticles
	15.4 Noble Metal Nanomaterials
	15.5 Plasmonic Nanoparticle-Based Naked-Eye Colorimetry Method
	15.6 The Applications of the Plasmonic Nanoparticles in the Environmental Pollutant’s Detection
		15.6.1 Toxic Heavy Metal
		15.6.2 Organo-Phosphate Pesticides
		15.6.3 Aromatic Compounds
		15.6.4 Other Pollutant Compounds
	15.7 Conclusions and Future Outlooks
	References
16 Utility of Nano Biosensors for Heavy Metal Contamination Detection in the Environment
	16.1 Introduction
	16.2 Statistical Prevalence and Epidemiology of Heavy Metal Ion Contamination
	16.3 Traditional Approaches for Arsenic (As) Monitoring in Water
		16.3.1 Standard UV-Visible Technique
		16.3.2 Mass Spectroscopic Techniques
		16.3.3 Chromatographic Techniques
	16.4 Current Approaches for Monitoring of Arsenic
		16.4.1 Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) Based Biosensor
		16.4.2 Transducer Based Biosensors for Heavy Metal Detection
	16.5 Commercially Available Sensors for Arsenic Detection
	16.6 Conclusion and Future Prospect
	References
17 Nanobiosensors and Industrial Wastewater Treatments
	17.1 Introduction
	17.2 Nanomaterials for Wastewater Treatment
		17.2.1 Nano Adsorption and Remediation
		17.2.2 Membrane Filtration
		17.2.3 Nanobiosensing and Monitoring
	17.3 Industrial Wastewater Treatment
		17.3.1 Based on Bio-recognition Elements
		17.3.2 Based on the Type of Nanomaterial
		17.3.3 Applications of Nanobiosensors
		17.3.4 Conclusion
		17.3.5 Future Aspects
	References
18 Nanobiosensors Potentialities for Monitoring SARS-CoV-2 in the Environment
	18.1 Introduction
	18.2 Origin and Structure of SARS-CoV-2
		18.2.1 Biological Properties of the SARS-CoV-2
		18.2.2 Climate and COVID-19
	18.3 Current Applications in Nanotechnology for Combat COVID-19
		18.3.1 Biosensors for Detection of Coronaviruses
		18.3.2 Electrochemical Nanobiosensors
		18.3.3 SARS-CoV-2 Electrochemical Nanobiosensors Based on Gold Nanostructures
		18.3.4 SARS-CoV-2 Electrochemical Nano Biosensors Based on Carbon and Graphene Materials
		18.3.5 Optical Nanobiosensors
		18.3.6 Magneto-Optical Nanobiosensors
		18.3.7 Piezoelectric Nanobiosensors
		18.3.8 Wearable and Smart Nanobiosensors
		18.3.9 Field-Effect Transistor
	18.4 Challenges and Prospects
	18.5 Conclusion
	References
19 Recent Trends in Rapid Environmental Monitoring of Toxicants Using Nanobiosensors
	19.1 Introduction
	19.2 Noble Metal Nanoparticles in Biosensors
	19.3 Nanosensors and Nanobiosensors for Monitoring the Environmental Pollutants
		19.3.1 Nanobiosensors for Assessment of Harvest Index
		19.3.2 Nanobiosensors for Monitoring of Agriculture Pathogen
		19.3.3 Lipid Membrane-Based Nanosensors for Environmental Monitoring
		19.3.4 DNA-Nanosensors for Environmental Monitoring
		19.3.5 Optical Biosensors for Environmental Applications
	19.4 Recent Progress in Biosensors for Environmental Monitoring
	19.5 Biosensors a Promising Future in Measurements
	19.6 Future Perspectives
	19.7 Conclusion
	References
20 Ecotoxicology of Nanomaterials: A Sensor Perspective
	20.1 Introduction
	20.2 Types of NMs
		20.2.1 Metal-Based NMs
		20.2.2 Lipid-Based NMs
		20.2.3 Polymer-Based NMs
		20.2.4 Carbon-Based NMs
		20.2.5 Nanocomposites (NCs)
	20.3 Environmental Occurrence of NMs
		20.3.1 Nanomedicine
		20.3.2 Care Products
		20.3.3 Environmental Monitoring
		20.3.4 Agriculture
		20.3.5 Antimicrobial Nanopackaging Material
		20.3.6 Textiles
		20.3.7 Sports Equipment
	20.4 NMs in the Global Market
	20.5 Behaviors of NMs in the Environment
		20.5.1 In the Aquatic Environment
		20.5.2 Biophysicochemical Behavior and Fate of NMs in Soil
		20.5.3 Biophysicochemical Behavior and Fate of NMs in Air, Human, and Animals
	20.6 Conclusions
	References
21 Legal Implications of Nanobiosensors Concerning Environmental Monitoring
	21.1 Introduction
	21.2 The Concept of NBS in Environmental Monitoring
	21.3 NBS for Environmental Monitoring Complimenting Some International Environmental Legal Framework
	21.4 Legal Implications and Challenges Concerning NBS for Environmental Monitoring
		21.4.1 The European Union Directives of 2008/98/EC with Regard to Waste
		21.4.2 The Stockholm Convention on Persistence Organic Pollutants
		21.4.3 The Basel Convention
		21.4.4 Bamako Convention
	21.5 Conclusion and Recommendations
	References