Nano-Optics and Near-Field Optical Microscopy (Artech House)

Contents......Page 6
Preface......Page 14
Part I: Nano-Optics and Near-Field Microscopy......Page 16
1.2.1 Unsurpassed Chemical Specificity......Page 20
1.2.2 Limitations......Page 21
1.2.3 Topics in Near-Field Optics......Page 22
1.3.2 NOM Probes......Page 23
1.3.3 Image Formation......Page 24
1.3.4 Modes of Operation......Page 25
1.3.6 Applications......Page 26
1.4.3 Molecule in Front of Another Medium......Page 27
1.4.5 Rayleigh and Mie Scattering of Light......Page 28
1.4.8 Early Proposals for Super-Resolution Optical Microscopy......Page 29
1.5.2 Consolidation and Generalization......Page 30
References......Page 31
2.1 Introduction......Page 36
2.2.1 Maxwell’s Stress Tensor......Page 37
2.3 The Dipole Approximation......Page 38
2.4 Force on a Dipolar Particle Due to an Evanescent Wave......Page 39
2.5 Force on Particles upon Surfaces......Page 40
2.5.1 Dipolar Particles......Page 41
2.5.2 Particles with Sizes on the Order of the Wavelength......Page 43
2.6 Forces and Surface Topography: Nanoparticle Resonances......Page 44
2.7 Optical Binding......Page 48
2.8.1 Manipulation of Lossless Particles......Page 50
2.8.2 Manipulation of Dielectric and Absorbing Particles......Page 53
2.8.3 Manipulation of Metallic Particles......Page 54
2.9 Nanomanipulation with a Photonic Crystal......Page 55
2.10 Conclusion......Page 56
References......Page 57
3.1 Introduction......Page 62
3.2 Interaction of Light with Single Two-Level Quantum Systems......Page 63
3.3 Fluorescent Molecules at Ambient Conditions as Local Field Probes......Page 65
3.4 Mapping the Field Distribution in a Focused Laser Beam......Page 66
3.5 Mapping the Field Distribution at a Sharp Tip......Page 70
3.6 Energy Transfer and Quenching......Page 73
References......Page 77
4.1 Introduction......Page 82
4.2.1 Aperture-Based SHG SNOM......Page 83
4.2.2 Apertureless SHG SNOM......Page 85
4.3 Near-Field SHG at Metal Surfaces......Page 86
4.3.1 SHG Enhancement at Individual Surface Defects......Page 87
4.4 Apertureless Second-Harmonic SNOM......Page 90
4.4.1 SHG in the Presence of a Probe Tip......Page 91
4.4.3 Experimental Realization of SHG ASNOM......Page 95
4.5 Near-Field SHG Imaging of Functional Materials......Page 97
4.5.1 SHG Imaging of Magnetic Domains......Page 99
4.5.2 Local Poling Analysis of Ferroelectric Materials......Page 100
References......Page 103
5.1 Introduction......Page 108
5.2 Conjugated Polymer Blends......Page 109
5.3.1 Application to Conjugated Polymers......Page 110
5.3.2 Implementation......Page 111
5.3.3 The Nature of the Near-Field Illumination......Page 112
5.4.1 An Energy-Transfer Blend for Light Emitting Applications......Page 113
5.4.2 A Charge-Transfer Blend for Photocells......Page 115
5.5 Photoconductivity SNOM......Page 117
5.6 Near-Field Photolithography......Page 118
References......Page 120
Part II: Nanophotonics......Page 124
6.1 Introduction......Page 128
6.2 Sample Fabrication and SNOM Experimental Setup......Page 130
6.3 Near-Field Imaging of PhCWs: Qualitative Considerations......Page 133
6.4.1 PhCW Propagation Loss......Page 135
6.4.2 PhCW Mode Dispersion......Page 137
6.4.3 Loss in Gradual PhCW Bends......Page 139
6.4.4 Loss in Double 60° PhCW Bends......Page 141
6.4.5 Directional Couplers (Sample N5)......Page 142
6.5 Conclusions......Page 144
References......Page 145
7.1 Introduction......Page 150
7.2.1 Mach-Zehnder Interferometer......Page 151
7.2.2 Lock-in Detection......Page 152
7.2.3 Light Source Requirements......Page 153
7.3.1 Setup Considerations......Page 155
7.3.3 Determination of the Phase Velocity......Page 156
7.3.4 Determination of the Group Velocity......Page 159
7.4 Pulse Tracking in Dispersive Media......Page 161
7.4.1 The Influence of Group Velocity Dispersion......Page 162
7.4.2 The Influence of Higher-Order Dispersion......Page 164
7.4.3 Slow-Pulse Propagation with Low Dispersion......Page 167
References......Page 171
Part III: Plasmonics......Page 174
8.1.1 Visualizing Surface Plasmon Polaritons on Metal Structures......Page 180
8.1.2 Monitoring Effects of Localized Surface Plasmons on Metal Nanoparticles......Page 181
8.2.1 Introduction......Page 182
8.2.2 Fabrication of Microscale Arrays of Nanoholes......Page 184
8.2.3 Illumination-Mode SNOM of Nanohole Arrays......Page 185
8.2.4 Collection Mode SNOM of Nanohole Arrays......Page 188
8.2.5 Near-Field and Far-Field Characterization of Anisotropic Nanohole Arrays......Page 196
8.3 Future Directions and Outlook......Page 198
References......Page 199
9.1 Introduction......Page 202
9.2.1 Surface Plasmon Resonances......Page 203
9.3 Localization of Light on Semicontinuous Films......Page 204
9.3.1 Coupling Between Localized and Propagative Surface Plasmon Modeson Semicontinuous Metallic Films......Page 205
9.3.2 Nano-Optical Experiments on Semicontinuous Films......Page 207
9.3.3 Fluorescence Enhancements and Nonlinear Effects......Page 209
9.4 Conclusion......Page 210
References......Page 211
10.1 Introduction......Page 216
10.1.1 Hybrid Plasmonic Nanoparticles......Page 217
10.1.2 Scope of the Review......Page 218
10.2.2 Electrostatic Layer-by-Layer Deposition......Page 219
10.3.1 Theoretical Background......Page 221
10.3.2 Coherent Coupling Between a Dipolar Plasmon and a MolecularExciton......Page 223
10.3.3 Coherent Coupling Between a Delocalized Plasmon and a Molecular Exciton......Page 225
10.3.4 Ultrafast Dynamics of Mixed States......Page 233
10.5 Near-Field Optical Response of Plasmon-Exciton Hybrid Nanoparticles......Page 235
10.6 Conclusions......Page 238
References......Page 239
Part IV: Apertureless Near-Field Optical Microscopy......Page 244
11.1 Introduction......Page 250
11.2 Principle of Scattering-Type Scanning Near-Field Optical Microscopy (s-SNOM)......Page 251
11.3 Theory of Scattering-Type Scanning Near-Field Optical Microscopy......Page 253
11.5 Experimental Realization of s-SNOM......Page 256
11.6 Contrast and Resolution in s-SNOM Images......Page 261
11.7 Molecular Vibrational Near-Field Contrast......Page 264
11.8 Tip-Induced Polariton Resonance......Page 266
11.9 Nanoscale Coherent Imaging of Optical Eigenfield Patterns......Page 268
11.10 Applications of s-SNOM......Page 271
Acknowledgments......Page 274
References......Page 275
12.1 Introduction......Page 282
12.2 Contrast in Tip-Enhanced Fluorescence Microscopy......Page 284
12.3 Contrast with Fluorescence Modulation......Page 288
12.4 Improving Contrast via Demodulation......Page 291
12.5 Optimizing Tip Oscillation Amplitude......Page 294
12.6 TEFM Imaging of Single Molecules and DNA......Page 296
12.7 Conclusions......Page 300
References......Page 301
13.2 Field-Enhancement at a Metal Tip......Page 304
13.3 Experimental Setup......Page 305
13.4.1 Introduction......Page 306
13.4.2 Spatial Resolution, Field Localization, and Signal Enhancement......Page 307
13.4.3 Mapping Molecular Junctions in Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes......Page 308
13.5.2 Near-Field Photoluminescence Imaging......Page 312
References......Page 315
14.1 Introduction......Page 318
14.2 Tip-Enhanced Optical Lithography on Azobenzene-Containing Polymers......Page 319
14.3 Mask-Based SPOL on Azobenezene-Containing Polymers......Page 322
14.4 Near-Field Photopolymerization Based on Localized Surface Plasmons: Toward New Hybrid Particles for Nanophotonics......Page 326
14.5 Conclusions and Future Routes......Page 331
References......Page 332
15.1 Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer......Page 334
15.2 The Idea of FRET-Based Scanning Near-Field Optical Microscopy......Page 337
15.3.1 FRET-SNOM Imaging with Many FRET Pairs: Subtip Resolution......Page 340
15.3.2 Single-Molecule FRET-SNOM Imaging......Page 343
15.4 Concluding Remarks......Page 345
Acknowledgments......Page 346
References......Page 347
16.1.1 Tip-Enhanced Raman Scattering......Page 350
16.1.3 Fluorescence Enhancement by Single Metal Nanoparticles......Page 351
16.2 Optical Antennas......Page 354
16.3.1 Stimulated Emission Depletion (STED) and Microscopy......Page 355
16.4 Conclusion......Page 356
References......Page 357
List of Acronyms and Abbreviations......Page 360
About the Editors......Page 362
List of Contributors......Page 364
Index......Page 368