Nano-inspired Biosensors for Protein Assay with Clinical Applications

Front-matte_2019_Nano-Inspired-Biosensors-for-Protein-Assay-with-Clinical-Ap
	Nano-inspired Biosensors for Protein Assay with Clinical Applications
Copyright_2019_Nano-Inspired-Biosensors-for-Protein-Assay-with-Clinical-Appl
	Copyright
List-of-Contribu_2019_Nano-Inspired-Biosensors-for-Protein-Assay-with-Clinic
	List of Contributors
Preface_2019_Nano-Inspired-Biosensors-for-Protein-Assay-with-Clinical-Applic
	Preface
Acknowledgmen_2019_Nano-Inspired-Biosensors-for-Protein-Assay-with-Clinical-
	Acknowledgments
Introductio_2019_Nano-Inspired-Biosensors-for-Protein-Assay-with-Clinical-Ap
	Introduction
		I.1 The Principle of Biosensor
			I.1.1 Bioreceptor
				I.1.1.1 Enzyme
				I.1.1.2 Antibody–Antigen
				I.1.1.3 Cell and Tissue
				I.1.1.4 DNA and Aptamer
				I.1.1.5 Small Molecule Ligand
				I.1.1.6 Immobilization of Bio-Receptor
			I.1.2 Transducer
				I.1.2.1 Electric Transducer
				I.1.2.2 Optical Transducer
				I.1.2.3 Magnetic Transducer
				I.1.2.4 Mechanical Transducer
			I.1.3 Signal Amplification
				I.1.3.1 Catalyst-Assisted Signal Amplification
				I.1.3.2 DNA Amplification—Assisted Signal Amplification
		I.2 Nano-Inspired Biosensor
			I.2.1 Immobilization of Biomolecules
			I.2.2 Design of Signal Probe
				I.2.2.1 Electrochemical Probe
				I.2.2.2 Optical Probe
				I.2.2.3 Magnetic Probe
				I.2.2.4 Mechanical Probe
				I.2.2.5 Signal Amplification
		I.3 Biosensor Application
			I.3.1 Disease Diagnosis
			I.3.2 Other Applications
		I.4 Overview of This Book
		References
01
	Part I Nanomaterials for Protein Assay
1
	1 Carbon Nanomaterials
		1.1 Introduction
		1.2 Fullerene
			1.2.1 The Fundamental Properties of Fullerene
			1.2.2 The Fullerene-Modified Electrodes for Protein Assay
			1.2.3 Fullerene-Based Piezoelectric Quartz Crystal for Protein Assay
		1.3 Graphene and Graphene Oxide
			1.3.1 The Fundamental Properties of Graphene and Graphene Oxide
			1.3.2 The Highly Efficient Quencher of Graphene and Graphene Oxide for Protein Assay
			1.3.3 Graphene and Graphene Oxide-Modified Electrodes for Protein Assay
			1.3.4 Graphene and Graphene Oxide as Signaling Labels in Electrochemistry for Protein Assay
			1.3.5 Graphene-Based Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) for Protein Assay
		1.4 Carbon Nanotubes
			1.4.1 The Fundamental Properties of CNT
			1.4.2 CNT Based on Optical Spectrum for Protein Assay
				1.4.2.1 CNT-Based Fluorescence
				1.4.2.2 CNT-Based Raman Scattering
			1.4.3 CNT-Modified Electrodes for Protein Assay
			1.4.4 CNTs as Signaling Labels in Electrochemistry for Protein Assay
		1.5 Conclusion
		References
2
	2 Metal Nanomaterials
		2.1 Introduction
		2.2 Nucleic Acid-Functionalized Metal Nanomaterials for Protein Assays
		2.3 Surface Plasmon Resonance Featured Metal Nanomaterials for Protein Assays
			2.3.1 SPR for Colorimetric Detection of Proteins
			2.3.2 Solution-Based LSPR for Protein Assays
			2.3.3 Surface-Based LSPR for Protein Assays
			2.3.4 Refractive Index Shift-Based Direct Protein Assays
		2.4 Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering-Based Protein Assays
		2.5 Enzyme-Controlled MNMs Growth for Colorimetric Detection of Proteins
		2.6 Natural Enzyme Activity Mimicking-based Protein Assays
		2.7 Conclusion
		References
		Further Reading
3
	3 Quantum Dots and Nanoclusters
		3.1 Quantum Dots
			3.1.1 Introduction of Quantum Dots
			3.1.2 Properties of Quantum Dots
			3.1.3 Quantum Dots-Based Biosensors for Protein Assays
				3.1.3.1 Biosensors Based on Ligand–Target Interactions
				3.1.3.2 Biosensors Based on QDs–Target Interactions
				3.1.3.3 Biosensors Based on Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer
			3.1.4 Conclusion for Quantum Dots-Based Biosensors
		3.2 Nanoclusters
			3.2.1 Introduction of Nanoclusters
			3.2.2 Properties of Metal Nanoclusters
			3.2.3 Metal Nanoclusters-Based Biosensors for Proteins Assays
				3.2.3.1 Biosensors Based on AuNCs
				3.2.3.2 Biosensors Based on AgNCs
				3.2.3.3 Biosensors Based on CuNCs
				3.2.3.4 Biosensors Based on Bimetallic Nanoclusters
		3.3 Conclusions
		References
		Further Reading
4
	4 Other Nanomaterials
		4.1 Introduction
		4.2 Silicon Nanomaterials
			4.2.1 Luminescent Silicon Nanoparticles as Signaling Probes for Protein Assays
			4.2.2 Silicon Nanowires-Based Field-Effect Transistor for Protein Assays
			4.2.3 Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles-Based Biosensors
		4.3 Upconversion Nanomaterials
			4.3.1 Upconverting Nanoparticles as Signaling Probes for Protein Assays
			4.3.2 Energy Resonance Transfer-Based Upconversion Nanoplatforms for Protein Assays
		4.4 Liposome
			4.4.1 Liposome-Based Colorimetric Assays
			4.4.2 Liposome-Based Electrochemical Assays
			4.4.3 Liposome-Based Fluorescent Assays
		4.5 Virus Nanoparticles
		4.6 Conclusions
		References
		Further Reading
4.1
	Part II Molecular Recognition in Protein Assay
5
	5 Immuno-Biosensor
		5.1 Cancer Diagnostics and Monitoring
		5.2 Tuberculosis Diagnostics and Monitoring
		5.3 Diabetes Diagnostics and Monitoring
		5.4 Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
		5.5 Urinary Tract Infection Diagnosis
		5.6 Pregnancy Screening
		5.7 Conclusion
		References
6
	6 Aptasensors
		6.1 Sandwich Aptasensor
			6.1.1 Cancers
			6.1.2 Tuberculosis
			6.1.3 Diabetes
		6.2 Assay Based on Aptamer Conformational Switch
			6.2.1 Cancers
			6.2.2 Tuberculosis
			6.2.3 Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
			6.2.4 Diabetes
		6.3 Assay Based on Competitive Binding of Target With Aptamer
			6.3.1 Cancer
			6.3.2 Tuberculosis
			6.3.3 Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
			6.3.4 Diabetes
		6.4 Split-Type Assay
		6.5 Assay Based on Aptamer–Cell Interaction
		6.6 Conclusion
		References
7
	7 Peptide-Based Biosensors
		7.1 Biosensors Based on the Binding of Peptide to Target
			7.1.1 Cancer
			7.1.2 Microbial Infection
			7.1.3 Tuberculosis
			7.1.4 Pregnancy Screening
			7.1.5 Human Immunodeficiency Virus
		7.2 Biosensors Based on Cleavage of the Peptide
		7.3 Biosensors Based on the Conformational Shift of Peptide
		7.4 Conclusion
		References
8
	8 Protein Assay Based on Protein–Small Molecule Interaction
		8.1 Protein Assay Based on Small Molecule-Tethered Chemical Probes
			8.1.1 Human Carbonic Anhydrases
			8.1.2 Biotin Receptor and Folate Receptor
		8.2 Protein Assay Based on Small Molecule-Linked DNA
			8.2.1 Folate Receptor
			8.2.2 Biotin Receptor
		8.3 Conclusion
		References
8.1
	Part III Biosensing Technologies for Protein Assay
9
	9 Electrochemistry
		9.1 Introduction
		9.2 Electrochemical Techniques
			9.2.1 Voltammetry and Amperometry
			9.2.2 Impedance
			9.2.3 Conductometry
			9.2.4 Potentiometry
		9.3 Electrochemical Biosensors
			9.3.1 Introduction
			9.3.2 Category of Electrochemical Biosensors
				9.3.2.1 Biocatalytic Sensors
				9.3.2.2 Affinity Biosensors
					9.3.2.2.1 DNA Hybridization-Based Electrochemical Biosensors
					9.3.2.2.2 Immunosensors
					9.3.2.2.3 Aptamer-Based Electrochemical Biosensors
					9.3.2.2.4 Peptide-Based Electrochemical Sensors
		9.4 Summary and Prospects
		References
		Further Reading
10
	10 Spectrometry
		10.1 Colorimetry
		10.2 Fluorescence
			10.2.1 Introduction
			10.2.2 Fluorescent Nanomaterials
			10.2.3 Nanomaterials as Fluorescence Quenchers
			10.2.4 Nanomaterials as Fluorophores Carriers
			10.2.5 Metal-Enhanced Fluorescence
		10.3 Chemiluminescence
			10.3.1 Introduction
			10.3.2 Nanozyme-Based Chemiluminescence
			10.3.3 Nanomaterials in Chemiluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer
		10.4 Electrochemiluminescence
			10.4.1 Introduction
			10.4.2 Nanomaterials as Electrochemiluminescence Labels
			10.4.3 Nanomaterials-Enhanced Electrochemiluminescence
		10.5 Surface Plasmon Resonance Assay
		10.6 Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering
		10.7 Dynamic Light Scattering Signal-Readout
			10.7.1 Introduction
			10.7.2 Nanoparticles-Enabled Dynamic Light Scattering Assay
			10.7.3 Dynamic Light Scattering Coupled With Immunoassay
		10.8 Conclusion
		References
		Further Reading
11
	11 Other Signal-Readout Technologies
		11.1 Distance Signal-Readout
		11.2 Pressure Signal-Readout
		11.3 Piezoelectric Biosensors
		11.4 Magnetic Signal-Readout
		11.5 Smell Signal-Readout
		References
12
	12 Signal Amplification
		12.1 Introduction
		12.2 Nucleic Acid-Based Signal Amplification
			12.2.1 PCR-Based Signal Amplification
			12.2.2 Isothermal Nucleic Acid Amplification
			12.2.3 Enzyme-Free Nucleic Acid Amplification
		12.3 Enzyme-Based Signal Amplification
			12.3.1 Natural Protein Enzyme
			12.3.2 DNAzyme
			12.3.3 Nucleic Acid Tool Enzyme
			12.3.4 Nanozyme
		12.4 “1-to-N” Binding-Based Signal Amplification
			12.4.1 Biotin–Streptavidin System
			12.4.2 Nanocarrier
		12.5 Conclusion
		References
13
	Index