Nalluri And Featherstone’s Civil Engineering Hydraulics: Essential Theory with Worked Examples

Preface to Sixth Edition x     About the Authors xiii     Symbols xiv     1 Properties of Fluids 1     1.1 Introduction 1     1.2 Engineering units 1     1.3 Mass density and specific weight 1     1.4 Relative density 2     1.5 Viscosity of fluids 2     1.6 Compressibility and elasticity of fluids 2     1.7 Vapour pressure of liquids 2     1.8 Surface tension and capillarity 3     Worked examples 3     References and recommended reading 5     Problems 5     2 Fluid Statics 6     2.1 Introduction 6     2.2 Pascal   s law 6     2.3 Pressure variation with depth in a static incompressible fluid 7     2.4 Pressure measurement 8     2.5 Hydrostatic thrust on plane surfaces 10     2.6 Pressure diagrams 13     2.7 Hydrostatic thrust on curved surfaces 14     2.8 Hydrostatic buoyant thrust 16     2.9 Stability of floating bodies 16     2.10 Determination of metacentre 17     2.11 Periodic time of rolling (or oscillation) of a floating body 19     2.12 Liquid ballast and the effective metacentric height 19     2.13 Relative equilibrium 21     Worked examples 23     References and recommended reading 40     Problems 40     3 Fluid Flow Concepts and Measurements 45     3.1 Kinematics of fluids 45     3.2 Steady and unsteady flows 46     3.3 Uniform and non-uniform flows 46     3.4 Rotational and irrotational flows 47     3.5 One-, two- and three-dimensional flows 47     3.6 Streamtube and continuity equation 47     3.7 Accelerations of fluid particles 48     3.8 Two kinds of fluid flow 49     3.9 Dynamics of fluid flow 50     3.10 Energy equation for an ideal fluid flow 50     3.11 Modified energy equation for real fluid flows 52     3.12 Separation and cavitation in fluid flow 53     3.13 Impulse   momentum equation 54     3.14 Energy losses in sudden transitions 55     3.15 Flow measurement through pipes 56     3.16 Flow measurement through orifices and mouthpieces 58     3.17 Flow measurement in channels 62     Worked examples 67     References and recommended reading 83     Problems 83     4 Flow of Incompressible Fluids in Pipelines 87     4.1 Resistance in circular pipelines flowing full 87     4.2 Resistance to flow in non-circular sections 92     4.3 Local losses 92     Worked examples 93     References and recommended reading 113     Problems 113     5 Pipe Network Analysis 116     5.1 Introduction 116     5.2 The head balance method (   loop    method) 117     5.3 The quantity balance method (   nodal   method) 118     5.4 The gradient method 120     Worked examples 122     References and recommended reading 139     Problems 140     6 Pump   Pipeline System Analysis and Design 145     6.1 Introduction 145     6.2 Hydraulic gradient in pump   pipeline systems 146     6.3 Multiple pump systems 147     6.4 Variable-speed pump operation 149     6.5 Suction lift limitations 149     Worked examples 150     References and recommended reading 164     Problems 164     7 Boundary Layers on Flat Plates and in Ducts 167     7.1 Introduction 167     7.2 The laminar boundary layer 167     7.3 The turbulent boundary layer 168     7.4 Combined drag due to both laminar and turbulent boundary layers 169     7.5 The displacement thickness 169     7.6 Boundary layers in turbulent pipe flow 170     7.7 The laminar sub-layer 172     Worked examples 174     References and recommended reading 181     Problems 181     8 Steady Flow in Open Channels 183     8.1 Introduction 183     8.2 Uniform flow resistance 184     8.3 Channels of composite roughness 185     8.4 Channels of compound section 186     8.5 Channel design 187     8.6 Uniform flow in part-full circular pipes 190     8.7 Steady, rapidly varied channel flow energy principles 191     8.8 The momentum equation and the hydraulic jump 192     8.9 Steady gradually varied open channel flow 194     8.10 Computations of gradually varied flow 195     8.11 The direct step method 195     8.12 The standard step method 196     8.13 Canal delivery problems 197     8.14 Culvert flow 198     8.15 Spatially varied flow in open channels 199     Worked examples 201     References and recommended reading 237     Problems 237     9 Dimensional Analysis, Similitude and Hydraulic Models 242     9.1 Introduction 242     9.2 Dimensional analysis 243     9.3 Physical significance of non-dimensional groups 243     9.4 The Buckingham    theorem 244     9.5 Similitude and model studies 244     Worked examples 245     References and recommended reading 257     Problems 258     10 Ideal Fluid Flow and Curvilinear Flow 260     10.1 Ideal fluid flow 260     10.2 Streamlines, the stream function 260     10.3 Relationship between discharge and stream function 261     10.4 Circulation and the velocity potential function 262     10.5 Stream functions for basic flow patterns 262     10.6 Combinations of basic flow patterns 264     10.7 Pressure at points in the flow field 264     10.8 The use of flow nets and numerical methods 265     10.9 Curvilinear flow of real fluids 268     10.10 Free and forced vortices 269     Worked examples 269     References and recommended reading 280     Problems 280     11 Gradually Varied Unsteady Flow from Reservoirs 283     11.1 Discharge between reservoirs under varying head 283     11.2 Unsteady flow over a spillway 285     11.3 Flow establishment 286     Worked examples 287     References and recommended reading 296     Problems 296     12 Mass Oscillations and Pressure Transients in Pipelines 298     12.1 Mass oscillation in pipe systems     surge chamber operation 298     12.2 Solution neglecting tunnel friction and throttle losses for sudden discharge stoppage 299     12.3 Solution including tunnel and surge chamber losses for sudden discharge stoppage 300     12.4 Finite difference methods in the solution of the surge chamber equations 301     12.5 Pressure transients in pipelines (waterhammer) 302     12.6 The basic differential equations of waterhammer 304     12.7 Solutions of the waterhammer equations 305     12.8 The Allievi equations 305     12.9 Alternative formulation 308     Worked examples 309     References and recomended reading 315     Problems 315     13 Unsteady Flow in Channels 316     13.1 Introduction 316     13.2 Gradually varied unsteady flow 316     13.3 Surges in open channels 317     13.4 The upstream positive surge 318     13.5 The downstream positive surge 319     13.6 Negative surge waves 320     13.7 The dam break 322     Worked examples 323     References and recommended reading 326     Problems 326     14 Uniform Flow in Loose-Boundary Channels 327     14.1 Introduction 327     14.2 Flow regimes 327     14.3 Incipient (threshold) motion 327     14.4 Resistance to flow in alluvial (loose-bed) channels 329     14.5 Velocity distributions in loose-boundary channels 331     14.6 Sediment transport 331     14.7 Bed load transport 332     14.8 Suspended load transport 334     14.9 Total load transport 337     14.10 Regime channel design 338     14.11 Rigid-bed channels with sediment transport 342     Worked examples 344     References and recommended reading 358     Problems 359     15 Hydraulic Structures 361     15.1 Introduction 361     15.2 Spillways 361     15.3 Energy dissipators and downstream scour protection 366     Worked examples 369     References and recommended reading 379     Problems 380     16 Environmental Hydraulics and Engineering Hydrology 382     16.1 Introduction 382     16.2 Analysis of gauged river flow data 382     16.3 River Thames discharge data 384     16.4 Flood alleviation, sustainability and environmental channels 385     16.5 Project appraisal 386     Worked examples 387     References and recommended reading 394     Problems 395     17 Introduction to Coastal Engineering     17.1 Introduction     17.2 Waves and wave theories     17.3 Wave processes     17.4 Wave set-down and set-up     17.5 Wave impact, run-up and overtopping     17.6 Tides, surges and mean sea level     17.7 Solitary and tsunami waves     Worked examples     References and recommended reading     Problems     Answers 397     Index 401