Mycosynthesis of Nanomaterials: Perspectives and Challenges

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Half Title
Mycosynthesis of Nanomaterials: Perspectives and Challenges
Copyright
Preface
Contents
Section I: Different Nanoparticles Synthesized by Fungi
	1. Using Fungi to Produce Metal/Metalloid Nanomaterials
		Introduction
		Biogenically produced Nanomaterial
		How do fungi produce nanomaterials?
		The importance of the nanomaterial cap
		Controlling synthesis
		Types of nanomaterial produced
		Conclusion
		References
	2. Yeast as a Cell Factory: Biological Synthesis of Selenium Nanoparticles
		Introduction
		Geochemistry of selenium
		Chemical methods for synthesis of selenium NPs
		Biosynthesis of selenium NPs with bacteria
		Biosynthesis of selenium NPs through fungi
		Biological synthesis of selenium NPs by yeasts
		Mechanism of biosynthesis of selenium nanoparticles by yeasts
		References
	3. Penicillium species as an Innovative Microbial Platform for Bioengineering of Biologically Active Nanomaterials
		Introduction
		Penicillium species: An overview
		Green nanotechnology: An innovative approach for bioengineering of nanomaterials
		Bioengineering of nanomaterials using Penicillium species
		Antimicrobial activity of bioengineered nanomaterials using Penicillium species
		Anticancer activity of bioengineered nanomaterials using Penicillium species
		Other biomedical activities of bioengineered nanomaterials using Penicillium species
		Conclusion and future directions
		References
	4. Biosynthesis of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Using Fungi
		Introduction
		Magnetic Iron oxide nanoparticles
		Methods for the synthesis of Iron oxide nanoparticles
		Characterization of the Iron oxide nanoparticles
		UV-visible absorption spectroscopy
		Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis
		Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy
		Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) analysis
		Microscopic techniques
		Fungi as a biological source for the green synthesis of the IONPs
		Biosynthesis routes of Iron oxide nanoparticles using fungi
		Mechanism of synthesis of IONPS by fungi
		Use of fungal extract as capping agent
		Conclusion
		References
	5. Mycosynthesis of Chitosan Nanoparticles
		Introduction
		Preparation of chitosan nanoparticles: The conventional approaches
		Mycosynthesis of chitosan nanoparticles
		Conclusion
		References
	6. Fungi-Mediated Fabrication of Copper Nanoparticles and Copper Oxide Nanoparticles, Physical Characterization and Antimicrobial Activity
		Introduction
		Synthesis process of copper nanoparticles and copper oxide nanoparticles from different fungal soueces
		Isolation, purification, screening, and molecular characterization of fungal strains
		Fungal biomass and filtrate preparation for Cu NPs and CuO NPs synthesis
		Synthesis of Cu NPs and CuO NPs from fungal filtrate
		Physical characterization of fungi-mediated Cu NPs and CuO NPs
		Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy
		X-ray diffraction (XRD)
		Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR)
		Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX)
		Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
		Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)
		Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and zeta potential
		Antimicrobial activity of fungi-mediated Cu NPs and CuO NPs
		Conclusion and future prospects
		References
	7. Mycogenic Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles and its Optimization
		Introduction
		Fungi as nanofactories—an overview
			Aspergillus spp.
			Fusarium spp.
			Penicillium spp.
			Trichoderma spp.
			Yeasts
			Other fungi
			Influence of physico-chemical parameters on mycosynthesis of AgNPs
			Effect of temperature
			Effect of pH
			Effect of concentrations of AgNO3
			Effect of the culture medium and quantity of biomass
		Conclusion and future perspectives
		Acknowledgement
		References
	8. Biosynthesis of Gold Nanoparticles by Fungi
		Introduction
		Fabrication of gold nanoparticles
		Biological synthesis of gold nanoparticles by fungi
		Yeasts
		Filamentous fungi
		Macroscopic fungi
		Applications of gold nanoparticles produced by fungi
		Imaging and diagnostics
		Anticancer activity
		Antimicrobial activity (antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral)
		Other applications
		Conclusions
		References
	9. Biosynthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles and Major Applications
		Introduction
		Biosynthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles
		Fungi as a potential resource for nanoparticles synthesis
		Fungi-mediated synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles
		Factors affecting the myco-synthesis of nanoparticles
		Limitations of the mycosynthesis
		Use of zinc oxide nanoparticles
			Applications in the biomedical field
			Applications in the agricultural field
			Applications in environmental pollution remediation
			Other applications
		Toxicity and other drawbacks of mycosynthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles
		Conclusion and future perspectives
		Abbreviations
		References
	10. Fungi-Mediated Synthesis of Carbon-Based Nanomaterials
		Introduction
		Fungi: a rich source of biomass and macromolecules
			Carbon-based materials
			Fullerenes nanostructures
			Carbon nanotubes
			Graphite and graphene nanostructures
			Carbon nanofibers
		Fungi-based synthesis of carbon-nanoparticles
			Carbonaceous nanomaterials derived from fungi
			Methods of carbon nanomaterials synthesis from fungi
			Methods of detection and characterization
		Spectrophotometric detection of carbon nanomaterials
		Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA)
		Zeta potential measurement and stability analysis
		Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrometry analysis
		Fluorescence and Potoluminescence detection
		Importance and application of fungal-based carbon nanomaterials (FBCNs)
			In agriculture
			In physics
			Biomedical applications
		For drug delivery
		In cancer therapy
		Conclusion
		Acknowledgements
		References
	11. Fungi-Based Synthesis of Nanoparticles and its Large-Scale Production Possibilities
		Introduction
		Fungi in green synthesis of nanoparticles
			Mechanisms involved in fungal-based nanomaterial synthesis
			Factors affecting the fungal-based nanomaterial synthesis
		Stage of the fungal growth phase
		Effect of growth media
		Applications of myconanotechnology in agriculture
		Large-scale production of nanomaterials using fungi
		Upstream processing for fungal fermentation
			Obtaining the desired organism and its improvement
			Selection of bioreactors for large-scale production of fungal metabolites
			Downstream processing for fungal fermentation
		Conclusion and future perspectives
		Abbreviations
		References
Section II: Characterization Techniques of Mycosynthesised Nanoparticles and Mechanism of Synthesis
	12. Techniques for Characterization of Biologically Synthesized Nanoparticles by Fungi
		Introduction
		Need for characterization of nanoparticles
		Considerations for analysis of nanoparticles
		Characterization techniques
		Ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy
		Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy
		X-ray diffraction analysis
		Nanoparticle tracking and analysis (NTA)
		SEM and EDX
		TEM
		Zeta potential measurements
		Atomic force microscopy (AFM)
		Conclusion
		Acknowledgements
		References
	13. Mechanism of Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles by Fungi
		Introduction
		Mechanism of biogenic metallic nanoparticles
			Fusarium
			Aspergillus
			Trichoderma
			Penicillium
			Alternaria
			Rhizopus
			Phoma
			Pleurotus
			Cladosporium
			Colletotrichum
			Schizophyllum
		Conclusions
		Acknowledgment
		References
Section III: Toxicity of Nanoparticles to Human and Environment
	14. Toxicity of Mycosynthesised Nanoparticles
		Introduction
		Nanotoxicity
		Routes of nanoparticle entry
			Inhalation
			Injection
			Ingestion
			Toxicity of mycosynthesised nanoparticles
		Ecotoxicity of NPs
		Role of shape, size, dose and surface capping of mycosynthesised nanoparticle in toxicity
			Effect of NP size on nanotoxicity
			Effect of NPs shape on nanotoxicity
			Effect of NP concentration on nanotoxicity
			Effect of capping
		Mechanism of Nanotoxicity
		Conclusions
		Acknowledgements
		References
Index
Editors' Biography