Mushrooms: Types, Properties, and Nutrition

MUSHROOMSTYPES, PROPERTIES AND NUTRITION
MUSHROOMSTYPES, PROPERTIES AND NUTRITION
Contents
Preface
Shiitake Mushroom Submerged Culture and Morphogenesis: Regularities, Computations, Practical Use
	Abstract
	1. Introduction
	2. Biosynthesis of Extracellular Polysaccharides and Other Medicinal Substances
	3. Aflatoxin-Inhibiting Effect of Lentinula edodes
	4. Production of Extracellular Oxidases
	5. Changes in Activity of Extracellular Enzymes in Dual Cultures of Lentinula
	6. Decrease in the Phytotoxicity of Wastes
	7. Biosynthesis of Ribonucleases
	8. Morphogenesis in Liquid Culture
		8.1. Lentinula Fruiting in Liquid Media
		8.2. Peculiarities of Chemical Composition of Lentinula edodes in Submerged Culture
		8.3. Pigmented Mycelial Film
	9. Studies Carried Out by Our Group
		9.1. Biotechnological Potential of Mushroom Lectins
		9.2. Detection of Shiitake Lectins on Submerged Cultivation
		9.3. Shiitake's Pigmented Mycelial Film Formation
		9.4. The Effect of Metal Cations on the Lectin Activity
		9.5. Lectin Activity and Organo-Selenium Compounds
		9.6. Isolation and Characterization of Lentinula edodes Extracellular Lectins
		9.7. Application of Mn(II) for Obtaining the Seeding Mycelium of Lentinula edodes
		9.8. Co-Culture of Lentinula edodes with Bacteria
		9.9. Shiitake Mushroom as a Non-Phyto Origin of Indolic Phytohormons
	10. Conclusions and Perspectives
	References
Edible Mushrooms: Potential Role in Weight Regulation
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Nutritive Value of Edible Mushrooms
	Overweight and Obesity: Why is it a Big Concern?
		Obesity Trends in the U.S.
	Consequences of Excess Body Fat
		Health
		Psychosocial and Economic
		Causes
			Genetic and Environmental
			Dietary Behaviors
		Rationale for Reducing Dietary Energy Density to Prevent Weight Gain and Obesity
		Reducing Energy Density with Edible Mushrooms
		Rationale for Reducing Meat Intake in the Diet
		Effect of Substituting Mushrooms for Meat on Energy Intake
		Results
		Health Benefits and Edible Mushroom Intake
	Anti-Inflammatory and Anti Oxidative Stress Properties of Edible Mushrooms
		Obesity, Inflammation and Oxidative Stress
		Effect of Edible Mushrooms on Inflammation and Oxidative Stress
		Anti-Inflammatory Properties
		Anti-Oxidative Stress Properties
	Conclusion
	References
Cultivated Mushrooms: Disease Control in Mushroom Industry
	Abstract
	Introduction
		Cultivated Mushrooms
	Diseases of Cultivated Mushrooms
		Dry Bubble Disease
		Wet Bubble Disease
		Cobweb Disease
		Green Mould Disease
		Bacterial Diseases
		Mushroom Viruses
	Disease Control of Cultivated Mushrooms by Fungicides
	Disease Tolerance of Cultivated Mushrooms
	Biological Disease Control of Cultivated Mushrooms
	Conclusion
	References
Production of Pleurotus Ostreatus (Oyster Mushroom) Grown on Sugar Cane Biomass (Trash, Bagasse and Pith)
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Pleurotus ostreatus Mushrooms
	Substrates for Pleurotus Ostreatus Cultivation
	Sugarcane by-Products
	Sugarcane Biomass Composition
	Pleurotus Ostreatus Cultivation in Sugar Cane Biomass
	Yield of Oyster Mushroom
	Spent Mushroom Substrate
	Socioeconomic Aspects and Sustainability From Mushroom Production on SugarcaneBiomass
	References
Sustainable Use of Microbial Endophytes
	Abstract
	Endophyte Diversity
	Endophytes: Bioprospecting
		Antimicrobial Compounds
		Anticancer Agents
		Endophyte and Immunosuppressive Drugs
	Endophytes: Sustainable Use and Application
		Stress Tolerance in Plants through Endophyte Symbiosis
		Endophyte as Repository Material
		Endophyte-Enhanced Tissue Culture
		Endophytes and Plant Growth-Promotion Activity
		Endophytes as Biological Control Agents (Bcas)
		Endophytes and Phytoremediation
		Endophytes and Biomaterials
	Future Perspectives
	References
Chemical Composition and Nutritional Value of European Species of Wild Growing Mushrooms
	Abstract
	1. Introduction
	2. Mycological Terms
	3. Dry Matter, Proximate Composition, Energy Value and Bioavailability
	4. Proteins and Amino Acids
	5. Lipids
	6. Carbohydrates and Fiber
	7. Mineral Composition
		7.1. Major Elements
		7.2. Trace Elements
	8. Vitamins and Provitamins
	9. Flavor and Taste Components
	10. Pigments
	11. Health-Promoting Constituents
		11.1. Antioxidants
			11.1.1. Phenolic Compounds
			11.1.2. Other Compounds with Antioxidant Properties
	12. Detrimental Components of Edible Mushrooms
		12.1. Natural Components
		12.2. Contaminants
	13. Other Compounds
	14. Concluding Remarks
	Acknowledgement
	References
Pleuran: Immunomodulotor Polysaccharide From Pleurotus Ostreatus, Structure, Production and Application
	Abstract
	1. Introduction
	2. Chemical Structure of the Pleuran
	3. Production
		3.1. Solid State Fermentation
		3.2. Submerged Fermentation
		3.3. Extraction and Purification
	4. Applications
	5. Further Research Areas
	Conclusion
	References
Enhancing the Medicinal Properties of Agaricus subrufescens by Growing Practices
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Medicinal Proprieties
	Variability Study of (-Glucan and the Agronomic Performance of Agaricus Subrufescens According to Different Strains and Types of Compost
		Methodology
		Results
		Conclusion
	Variability Study of Agaricus Subrufescens (-Glucan and Agronomic Performance According to the Casing Layer and Cultivation Environment
		Methodology
		Results
		Conclusion
	The Creation of a Growing Protocol
	Conclusion
	References
Hemolytic Lectins of Higher Mushrooms
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Materials and Methods
	Electrophoretic Studies
	Study of the Hemolytic Activity of Purified Lectins
	Study of Carbohydrate Specificity of the Lectin
	Study of the Antimicrobial Action of the Lectins
	Mammalian Cells and their Culturing
	Results and Discussion
	The Effect of Hemolytic Lectins towardsOther Types of Cells
	Conclusion
	References
Radioactivity of European Wild Growing Edible Mushrooms
	Abstract
	1. Introduction
	2. Mycological Terms
	3. Radioactivity Units and Legislation
	4. Natural Radionuclides in Mushrooms
	5. Artificial Radionuclides in Mushrooms Until 1985
	6. Mushroom Radioactivity After the  Chernobyl Accident
		6.1. Chernobyl Accident
		6.2. Radiocesium Transfer From Soils to Mushrooms
		6.3. Mushrooms Radioactivity Since 1986
			6.3.1. Mushrooms Radioactivity between 1986 and 2000
			6.3.2. Mushrooms Radioactivity Since 2001
	7. Decrease of Mushroom Radioactivity by Culinary Treatments
	8. Radioactivity Burden Due to Mushroom Consumption
	9. Radiocesium in Meat of Game Eating Mushrooms
	Acknowledgement
	References
White Button Mushrooms, Quality Evaluation and Shelf Life Prediction
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Mushroom Shelf-Life and Quality Classification
	Traditional Mushroom Quality and  Shelf-Life Evaluation Methods
		Enzymatic Browning
		Physical Damage
		Colour
		Development Stages
	Novel Techniques in Mushroom Quality and Shelf Life Evaluation
	Application of Vis- NIR for Mushroom Quality Evaluation
	Application of RGB Imaging for Mushroom Quality Evaluation
	Application of Hyperspectral Imaging (HSI)  for Mushroom Quality Evaluation
	Conclusion
	Reviewed by
	References
Basidiomycetes Mushrooms of Brazilian Tropical Rainforests: Biodiversity and Biological Applications
	Summary
	1. Diversity of Basidiomycetes Living in the Brazilian Tropical Rainforest
	2. Biotechnological Use of Basidiomycetes
		2.1. Bioactive Primary Metabolites Produced by Basidiomycetes
		2.2. Bioactive Secondary Metabolites Produced by Basidiomycetes
			Basidiomycetes as Source of Nutraceutical Food
	Conclusion
	References
Co-Cultivation of Pleurotus Species with Yeasts
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Material and Methods
		Cultivation on Agar Media
		Cultivation of Pleurotus Fruiting Bodies
		Biochemical Analysis of P. Citrinopileatus Fruiting Bodies
	Results and Discussion
		I. Cultivation on Agar Media
		II. Cultivation of Pleurotus Fruiting Bodies
			A. Cultivation of P. Citrinopileatus with Yeast Suspension and
			Yeast Suspension Supernatant
			B. Co-Cultivation of Pleurotus Species with the Trophic Preferendum Yeasts Suspension
				Cultivation of P. citrinopileatus
				Cultivation of P. djamor
				Cultivation of P. eryngii
				Cultivation of P. ostreatus
				Cultivation of P. pulmonarius
		III. Biochemical Analysis of P. citrinopileatus Fruiting Bodies
	Concluding Remarks
	Acknowledgements
	References
Antioxidant Properties of the most Common Edible Mushrooms Consumed in Brazil
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Material and Methods
		Mushrooms and Preparation of Extracts
		Determination of Total Reducing Power
		Lipid Peroxidation Inhibition Assay ((-Carotene-Linoleic Acid Assay)
		Determination of Chelating Effects on Ferrous Ions
		Determination of the Scavenging Effect on DPPH● Radicals
		Determination of Total Phenolic Contents
		Statistical Analysis
		Chemicals
	Results and Discussion
		Yield of Methanolic and Hydroalcoholic Extracts
		Antioxidant Properties of Hydroalcoholic Extracts
		Correlation of Antioxidant Activities and Phenolic Contents
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	References
Biologically Active Mushroom Proteins
	Abstract
	Introduction
		Antifungal Proteins
		Antibacterial Protein
		Ribosome Inactivating Proteins (RIPs)
		Proteases
		Ubiquitin-Like Proteisn
		Laccases
		Xylanases
		Tyrosinases
		Hemolysins
	Polysaccharopeptides and Polysaccharoproteins
		Peptide with HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitory Activity
		Deoxyribonuclease
		Acid Phosphatase
		β-Mannosidase
		Carboxylesterase
		Ribonucleases
		Lectins
		L-Amino Acid Oxidase
		Amatoxins, Phallotoxins and Virotoxins
	Conclusion
	References
Activation and Stabilization of Mushroom Tyrosinase by Addition of Polyethylene Glycols
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Experimental
		Materials
		Enzyme Preparation
			Activity Studies
			Stability Studies
	Results and Discussion
		Activity Studies
		Stability Studies
	Discussion
	References
Agaricus bM Mushroom May Protect Athletes against Inflammation, Infection and Asthma
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Asthma and Allergy
	Infection
	Inflammation
	Conclusion
	References
Biological Activities of Pleurotus Mushrooms
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Nutritional Value
	Enzymes and Proteins from Pleurotus
	Antimicrobial Activities
	Anticancer and Antitumor Activities
	Antiviral Properties
	Cholesterol Lowering Properties
	Antioxidant Activities
	Antinociceptive and Antiinflammatory Activities
	Antidiabetic Activities
	Conclusion
	References
Medicinal Activities of Mushroom Polysacchropeptides
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Polysaccharopeptide From Coriolus Versicolor
		PSP and PSK
		Preparation of PSP
		PSP Enhances Apoptosis in Tumor Cells
		Suppressive Effect of PSP on Angiogenesis
		PSP Potentiates Anticancer Activity of Doxorubicin and Etoposide on Human Breast Cancer Cells
		Effect of PSP on Cell-Cycle Progression and Expression of Interleukins-1 Beta,-6, and -8 in Promyelocytic HL-60 Leukemic Cells
		Effect of PSP on Cyclophosphamide-Induced Immunosuppression
		Activation of Mouse Lymphocytes and Macrophages by PSP
		Lack of an Effect of PSP on Female Reproductive System and Embryonic Development in Mice
		Hyperalgesic Effect of PSP
		Anti-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Activity of PSP
		Polysaccharopeptide from Grifola Frondosa
	Polysaccharopeptide from Lentinus Edodes
	Polysaccharopeptide from Pleurotus Abalonus
	Polysaccharopeptide from Tricholoma Mongolicum
	Polysaccharopeptide from Tricholoma Species
	Conclusion
	References
Index