Mushrooms, Humans and Nature in a Changing World

Prologue
	References
Contents
About the Authors
Part I: Introduction
	Chapter 1: Setting the Scene
		1.1 Believe It or Not
		1.2 Early Interactions
		1.3 The Global Interwoven Web Between Mushrooms and Humans
		References
Part II: Biodiversity and Cultivation
	Chapter 2: Edible Ectomycorrhizal Fungi and Their Cultivation in China
		2.1 Introduction
		2.2 Diversity of Edible Ectomycorrhizal Mushrooms
			2.2.1 Truffles
				2.2.1.1 Black Truffles
				2.2.1.2 White Truffles
				2.2.1.3 Cuisine
				2.2.1.4 Conservation and Cultivation
			2.2.2 Desert Truffles and Other Hypogeous Fungi
				2.2.2.1 Desert Truffles
				2.2.2.2 Shoro
				2.2.2.3 Choiromyces
				2.2.2.4 Yang-Yanjing (Astraeus hygrometricus)
			2.2.3 Porcini and Related Edible Mycorrhizal Mushrooms
			2.2.4 Russulaceae
			2.2.5 Shimeji
			2.2.6 Amanita
			2.2.7 Chanterelles and Craterellus
			2.2.8 Albatrellus
			2.2.9 Unique Edible Mycorrhizal Mushrooms
		References
	Chapter 3: Climate Change, Biotechnology, and Mexican Neotropical Edible Ectomycorrhizal Mushrooms
		3.1 Rationale
		3.2 Summarized Analysis
		3.3 Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 4: Diversity and Importance of Edible Ectomycorrhizal Fungi in Guatemala
		4.1 Introduction
		4.2 Natural History and Local Vegetation in Guatemala
		4.3 Fungi and Forests in Guatemala
		4.4 Fungi and Abies in Guatemala
		4.5 Fungi and Pinus in Guatemala
		4.6 Fungi and Quercus in Guatemala
		4.7 Ethnomycology
		4.8 Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 5: Advances in the Cultivation of Lactarius deliciosus (Saffron Milk Cap) in New Zealand
		5.1 Introduction
		5.2 Trial Plantations at PFR-Lincoln, Canterbury
			5.2.1 Establishment and Description
			5.2.2 Management
				5.2.2.1 Planting and Irrigation
				5.2.2.2 Grass Control
				5.2.2.3 Pruning
				5.2.2.4 Fruiting Body Monitoring and Yields
		5.3 Case Study 1: Evolution of a Pinus radiata Plantation
			5.3.1 Tree Growth and Evolution of Mushroom Production for Individual Trees
			5.3.2 Saffron Milk Cap Production and the Distribution of Rainfall in 2012, 2013, and 2014
			5.3.3 Production During Two Consecutive Autumn Droughts (2015 and 2016)
			5.3.4 Overview of the Production During the First Seven Mushroom Seasons
			5.3.5 Outlook for the Future
		5.4 Case Study 2: Evolution of a Pinus sylvestris Plantation
			5.4.1 Tree Growth and Onset of Fruiting
			5.4.2 Overview of the Production During the First Five Mushroom Seasons, Comparison with the Tank Site, and Outlook for the Future
		5.5 Mushroom Fruiting Observations
			5.5.1 Fruiting Distribution Around Trees
			5.5.2 Sustained Production from Fallen Trees
			5.5.3 Mushroom Yields per Tree
			5.5.4 Mushroom Size
			5.5.5 Fruiting Season Span and Unprecedented Winter Fruiting in 2016
		5.6 Cultivation Research: The Next Steps
			5.6.1 Plantation Design: Tree Composition, Plantation Layout, and Grass Cover
			5.6.2 Other Management and Mushroom Monitoring Aspects
			5.6.3 Future Perspectives
		5.7 Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 6: Edible Mushrooms and Their Cultural Importance in Yunnan, China
		6.1 Introduction
		6.2 Diversity of Edible Mushroom in Yunnan
			6.2.1 Wild Edible Mushrooms
			6.2.2 Commercial Wild Mushrooms
			6.2.3 Important Wild Edible Mushrooms
				6.2.3.1 Matsutake
				6.2.3.2 Truffles
				6.2.3.3 Boletes
				6.2.3.4 Russulaceae
				6.2.3.5 Termitomyces
				6.2.3.6 Cantharellus and Craterellus
				6.2.3.7 Morels
				6.2.3.8 Amanita
				6.2.3.9 Lyophyllum
				6.2.3.10 Albatrellus
				6.2.3.11 Shoro and Other Hypogeous Fungi
			6.2.4 Other Edible Wild Mushrooms
				6.2.4.1  Ophiocordyceps sinensis
				6.2.4.2 Thelephora ganbajun
				6.2.4.3 Scleroderma yunnanense
				6.2.4.4 Phlebopus portentosus
				6.2.4.5 Schizophyllum commune
				6.2.4.6 Naematelia aurantialba
				6.2.4.7 Oudemansiella raphanipes
		6.3 Cultural Importance
		6.4 Conservation
		Appendix 1. Commercial Wild Mushrooms in Yunnan, Their Use/Property, and Quantity Traded
		References
	Chapter 7: Advances in Desert Truffle Mycorrhization and Cultivation
		7.1 Introduction
		7.2 Mycorrhizal Symbiosis
		7.3 Mycorrhizal Plant Production
		7.4 Ecophysiological and Molecular Aspects of Desert Truffle Mycorrhizal Symbiosis Against Water Stress
		7.5 Desert Truffle Cultivation
		7.6 Conclusions
		References
Part III: Case Studies
	Chapter 8: Diversity, Biogeographic Distribution, Ecology, and Ectomycorrhizal Relationships of the Edible Porcini Mushrooms (Boletus s. str., Boletaceae) Worldwide: State of the Art and an Annotated Checklist
		8.1 Introduction
		8.2 Materials and Methods
		8.3 Results
			8.3.1 A Checklist of Porcini Mushrooms
				8.3.1.1 Species Validly Published and Molecularly Supported
				8.3.1.2 Species Validly Published but Without Molecular Support
				8.3.1.3 Species Yet to Be Validly Published
		8.4 Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 9: Recent Insights in the Phylogeny, Species Diversity, and Culinary Uses of Milkcap Genera Lactarius and Lactifluus
		9.1 Introduction
		9.2 Lactarius
		9.3 Lactifluus
		9.4 Culinary Uses
		References
	Chapter 10: Advances in the Cultivation of Truffles in Canada
		10.1 Introduction
		10.2 British Columbia
		10.3 Ontario
		10.4 Quebec
		10.5 Nova Scotia
		10.6 Final Thoughts
		References
	Chapter 11: Diversity and Ecology of Edible Mushrooms from Patagonia Native Forests, Argentina
		11.1 The Macrofungi and the Patagonian Andean Forest
		11.2 Why Is It Interesting to Meet New Wild Edible Mushrooms?
		11.3 Wild Edible Mushroom Species from Patagonian Forests
			11.3.1 Aleurodiscus vitellinus. (Lév.) Pat
			11.3.2 Hydropus dusenii (Bres.) Singer
			11.3.3 Fistulina antarctica Speg
			11.3.4 Fistulina endoxantha Speg
			11.3.5 Grifola gargal Singer
			11.3.6 Ramaria patagonica (Speg.) Corner
			11.3.7 Cortinarius magellanicus Speg. Complex
			11.3.8 Cortinarius xiphidipus M.M. Moser and E. Horak
			11.3.9 Macrolepiota procera (Scop.) Singer
			11.3.10 Lepista nuda (Bull.) Cooke
			11.3.11 Lycoperdon perlatum Pers.
			11.3.12 Cyttaria hariotii E. Fisch
		11.4 Ecological Aspects Associated with the Fruiting of Wild Edible Mushrooms
		11.5 Conclusions and Perspectives
		References
Part IV: Socioeconomical and Cultural Importance
	Chapter 12: Truffle Cultivation in the South of France: Socioeconomic Characteristic
		12.1 Introduction
		12.2 Truffle Cultivation from the Perspective of Agroecology and Agroforestry
			12.2.1 The Ancestral Know-How
			12.2.2 The Truffle and the Natural Environment
			12.2.3 Truffle and Agriculture
			12.2.4 Agroecology and Trufficulture
		12.3 The Socioeconomic Context of Truffle Cultivation in theTerritories
			12.3.1 The Roles of Truffle and Truffle Cultivation in the Territory
			12.3.2 Sociology of Truffle Growers
			12.3.3 The Status of the Truffle Grower
			12.3.4 The Development of Truffle Cultivation in the Southwest
			12.3.5 Trufficulture in France
			12.3.6 Lessons from Truffle Farming Abroad
		12.4 Socioeconomic Motivations for Truffle Cultivation in the South of France
			12.4.1 Become a Grower: Farmer, Gardener, or Future Retired Truffle Grower
			12.4.2 Planting to Harvest or Occupy Space
			12.4.3 Improving Results
			12.4.4 Restoration of Old Plantations
		12.5 Conclusion and Perspectives
		References
	Chapter 13: Ethnomycology in Europe: The Past, the Present, and the Future
		13.1 Local Biology: The Mycological Side
		13.2 Recent Past and Current Trends in European Ethnomycological Research
		13.3 Walking the Trail from Mycophoby to Mycophily
		13.4 The Renaissance of Traditional Medicine
		13.5 Magic Mirror on the Wall, Who Is the Fairest One of All?
		13.6 Conclusion
		References
Part V: Ecology with Emphasis on Wild Edible Fungi
	Chapter 14: Interactions Between Soil Mesofauna and Edible Ectomycorrhizal Mushrooms
		14.1 Introduction
		14.2 Classification and General Characteristics of Soil Mesofauna
			14.2.1 Characteristics of Subclass Acari
				14.2.1.1 Superorder Parasitiformes
				14.2.1.2 Superorder Acariformes
			14.2.2 Characteristics of Class Collembola
				14.2.2.1 Order Poduromorpha
				14.2.2.2 Order Entomobryomorpha
				14.2.2.3 Order Neelipleona
				14.2.2.4 Order Symphypleona
		14.3 Origin and Evolution of Acari, Collembola, and Ectomycorrhizal Fungi
		14.4 Ecology of the Interaction Between Mesofauna (Acari and Collembola) and Macromycetes
		14.5 Relation Between Acari and Collembola with the Sporomes of EEMs
			14.5.1 Areas of Study
				14.5.1.1 Forest Zones in the Volcanoes Iztaccíhuatl and Popocatépetl
				14.5.1.2 Forest Zones in Mount Tláloc, San Pablo Ixayoc
			14.5.2 Collection and Identification of Sporomes and Mesofauna
			14.5.3 Collembola–Ectomycorrhizal Sporome Interactions
			14.5.4 Interaction of Acari with Sporomes of EEMs
			14.5.5 Spore Dispersal Mechanisms
			14.5.6 Presence of Bioactive Compounds in Sporomes of EEMs in Response to Mesofauna Invasion
			14.5.7 Impact of Collembola and Acari in the Trade of Wild EEMs
		14.6 Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 15: Diversity and Importance of Edible Mushrooms in Ectomycorrhizal Communities in Mexican Neotropics
		15.1 Introduction
		15.2 Materials and Methods
			15.2.1 Sampling of Fruit Bodies
			15.2.2 Sampling of Mycorrhizae
			15.2.3 Molecular Techniques
		15.3 Results and Discussion
			15.3.1 Diversity of Edible Ectomycorrhizal Fungi in the Mexican Neotropics
			15.3.2 Community Structure of EMF in the Main Forest Ecosystems of the Mexican Neotropics
				15.3.2.1 Abies religiosa Forest
				15.3.2.2 Alnus spp. Forests
				15.3.2.3 Pinus-Quercus Forests
				15.3.2.4 Quercus spp. Forests
				15.3.2.5 Tropical Dry Forest
		15.4 Final Considerations
		References
	Chapter 16: A Checklist of Ectomycorrhizal Mushrooms Associated with Quercus humboldtii in Colombia
		16.1 Introduction
		16.2 Methods
			16.2.1 Sampling
			16.2.2 Descriptions
			16.2.3 Search for ECM Reports in Colombia, the Mycorrhizal Trophic Status and the Edibility of Wild Mushrooms
		16.3 Results and Discussion
			16.3.1 Morphological Description of the Two National Records
			16.3.2 Notes on Some Taxa Not Included in the Checklist
				16.3.2.1 Basidiomycota
				16.3.2.2 Ascomycota
			16.3.3 Notes on Other Orders
			16.3.4 Edible Ectomycorrhizal Fungi in Native Oak Forests
		16.4 Concluding Remarks
		References
	Chapter 17: Modifications of Community Structure in Ectomycorrhizal Arctic Fungi as a Consequence of Global Warming
		17.1 Introduction
		17.2 Methods
			17.2.1 Study Site
			17.2.2 Experimental Design
			17.2.3 DNA Metabarcoding
			17.2.4 Statistical Analyses
			17.2.5 ECM Fungi and EMM Determination
		17.3 Results
			17.3.1 ECM Fungal Community Diversity
			17.3.2 The Effect of Warming on Fungal Community Composition
		17.4 Discussion
		References
Index