Musculoskeletal examination

Musculoskeletal Examination
Contents
How to Use This Book
Acknowledgments
About the Companion Website
1 Introduction
	What Is a Physical Examination?
	What Is the Purpose of the Physical Examination?
	How Is the Physical Examination Useful?
	How Does the Musculoskeletal System Work?
	What Are Paradigms?
	What Are the Components of the Musculoskeletal System?
	Bone
	Cartilage
	Ligaments
	Muscle
	Tendons
	Synovium and Bursae
	Fascia
	The Interaction of Connective Tissues
2 Basic Concepts of Physical Examination
	Introduction
	Observation
	Subjective Examination (History)
	Objective Examination
		Dominant Eye
		Structural Examination
		Posterior View
	Anterior View
		Lateral View
		Sitting Posture
	Correlation
3 Overview of the Spine and Pelvis
4 The Cervical Spine and Thoracic Spine
	Observation
	Subjective Examination
	Gentle Palpation
		Posterior Aspect
		Anterior Aspect
	Trigger Points of the Cervical Spine
	Active Movement Testing
		Forward Bending
		Backward Bending
		Lateral (Side) Bending
		Rotation
		Upper Cervical Spine
		Thoracic Motion
	Passive Movement Testing
		Passive Physiological Movements
		Mobility Testing of Accessory Movements
	Resistive Testing
		Cervical Flexion
		Cervical Extension
		Rotation
		Lateral Bending
	Neurological Examination of the Cervical Spine and Upper Extremity
		The Brachial Plexus
		Upper Limb Tension Test (Brachial Plexus Tension Test, Elveys Test)
		Neurological Testing by Root Level
	Special Tests
		Spurling Test
		Distraction Test
	Upper Cervical Instability Testing
		Sharp-Purser Test
		Aspinalls Transverse Ligament Test
	Alar Ligament Stress Tests
		Lateral Flexion Alar Ligament Stress Test
		Rotational Alar Ligament Stress Test
		Lhermittes Sign
		Vertebral Artery Test
		Shoulder Abduction (Relief) Test (Bakodys Sign)
		Valsalva Maneuver
	Referred Pain Patterns
	Radiological Views
5 The Temporomandibular Joint
	Functional Anatomy of the Temporomandibular Joint
	Observation
	Subjective Examination
	Special Questions
	Gentle Palpation
		Posterior Aspect
		Anterior Aspect
	Trigger Points of the TMJ Region
	Active Movement Testing
		Opening of the Mouth
		Closing of the Mouth
		Protrusion of the Mandible
		Lateral Mandibular Deviation
		Assessing the Freeway Space
		Measurement of Overbite
		Measurement of Overjet
		Mandibular Measurement
		Swallowing and Tongue Position
	Passive Movement Testing
		Passive Physiological Movements
		Mobility Testing of Accessory Movements
		Distraction of the TMJ
	Resistive Testing
		Jaw Opening
		Jaw Closing
	Reflex Testing
		Jaw Jerk
6 The Lumbosacral Spine
	Observation
	Subjective Examination
	Gentle Palpation
		Posterior Aspect
		Side-Lying Position
		Anterior Aspect
	Trigger Points of the Lumbosacral Region
	Active Movement Testing
	Forward Bending
		Backward Bending
		Lateral Bending
		Rotation
	Passive Movement Testing
		Physiological Movements
		Mobility Testing
	Resistive Testing
		Trunk Flexion
		Trunk Rotation
		Trunk Extension
	Neurological Testing
		The Lumbar Plexus
		The Lumbosacral Plexus
		Testing by Neurological Level
	Special Tests
		Straight-Leg-Raise (Lasegue) Test
		Variations on the Straight-Leg-Raise Test
		The Slump Test
		Femoral Nerve Stretch (Prone Knee Bend) Test
		Hoover Test
		Tests to Increase Intrathecal Pressure
		Sacroiliac Joint Tests
	Radiological Views
7 Overview of the Upper Extremity
8 The Shoulder
	Functional Anatomy
	Observation
	Subjective Examination
	Gentle Palpation
		Anterior View
		Posterior Aspect
		Medial Aspect
		Lateral Aspect
	Trigger Points of the Shoulder Region
	Active Movement Testing
	Passive Movement Testing
		Physiological Movements
		Mobility Testing of Accessory Movements
	Resistive Testing
		Shoulder Flexion
		Shoulder Extension
		Shoulder Abduction
		Shoulder Adduction
		Shoulder Internal (Medial) Rotation
		Shoulder External (Lateral) Rotation
		Scapular Elevation (Shoulder Shrug)
		Scapular Retraction
		Scapular Protraction
	Neurological Examination
		Motor
		Reflexes
		Sensation
	Special Tests
		Tests for Structural Stability and Integrity
		Tests for Labral Tears
		SLAP Lesions
		Tests for the Acromioclavicular Joint
		Scapula Stability Tests
		Test for Tendinous Pathology
		Tests for Impingement of the Supraspinatus Tendon
		Tests for Muscle Pathology
		Tests for Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
	Referred Pain Patterns
	Radiological Views
9 The Elbow
	Functional Anatomy
	Observation
	Subjective Examination
	Gentle Palpation
		Anterior Aspect
		Medial Aspect
		Lateral Aspect
		Posterior Aspect
		Trigger Points
		Active Movement Testing
		Passive Movement Testing
		Physiological Movements
		Mobility Testing of the Accessory Movements
	Resistive Testing
	Elbow Flexion
	Elbow Extension
	Forearm Pronation
	Forearm Supination
	Neurological Examination
		Motor
		Reflexes
		Entrapment Neuropathies
	Special Tests
		Tennis Elbow (Lateral Epicondylitis) Test
		Golfers Elbow (Medial Epicondylitis) Test
	Referred Pain Patterns
	Radiological Views
10 The Wrist and Hand
	Functional Anatomy
	Observation
	Subjective Examination
	Gentle Palpation
		Anterior (Palmar) Aspect
		Medial (Ulnar) Aspect
		Lateral (Radial) Aspect
		Posterior (Dorsal) Aspect
	Active Movement Testing
	Passive Movement Testing
		Physiological Movements
		Mobility Testing of Accessory Movements
	Resistive Testing
		The Wrist
		The Hand
	Neurological Examination
		Motor
		Sensation
		Entrapment Neuropathies
	Special Tests
		Finkelsteins Test (de Quervains Syndrome)
		Tests for Flexibility and Stability of the Joint
	Referred Pain Patterns
	Radiological Views
11 The Hip
	Functional Anatomy
	Observation
	Subjective Examination
	Gentle Palpation
	Anterior Aspect—The Patient Is Positioned in Supine
		Bony Structures
	Posterior Aspect—The Patient Is Positioned in Prone
		Bony Structures
	Side-Lying Position
		Soft-Tissue Structures
	Trigger Points
	Active Movement Testing
	Flexion
	Extension
	Abduction
	Adduction
	Medial (Internal) Rotation
	Lateral (External) Rotation
	Passive Movement Testing
	Physiological Movements
		Flexion
		Extension
		Abduction
		Adduction
		Medial (Internal) Rotation
	Resistive Testing
		Flexion
		Extension
		Abduction
		Adduction
		External (Lateral) Rotation
		Internal (Medial) Rotation
	Neurological Examination
		Motor
		Reflexes
		Sensation
		Referred Pain Patterns
	Special Tests
		Flexibility Tests
		Alignment Tests
	Tests for Integrity of the Hip Joint for Degenerative Joint Disease (DJD) or Labral Tear
		Hip Scour (Quadrant) Test
		Test for Anterior Labral Tear (FADDIR Test)
		Posterior Labral Tear
	Radiological Views
12 The Knee
	Functional Anatomy
	Observation
	Subjective Examination
	Gentle Palpation
		Anterior Aspect
		Medial Aspect
		Lateral Aspect
		Posterior Aspect
	Trigger Points
	Active Movement Testing
	Passive Movement Testing
		Physiological Movements
		Mobility Testing of Accessory Movements
	Resistive Testing
		Flexion
		Extension
		Rotation
	Neurological Examination
		Motor
		Reflexes
		Sensation
		Infrapatellar Nerve Injury
		Referred Pain Patterns
	Special Tests
		Flexibility Tests
		Tests for Stability and Structural Integrity
		Anterior Stability Tests
		Anterior Medial and Lateral Instability Tests
		Posterior Stability Tests
		Posterior Medial and Lateral Stability
		Medial and Lateral Stability Tests
		Tests for Meniscal Damage
		Patellofemoral Joint Tests
		Tests for Joint Effusion
	Radiological Views
13 The Ankle and Foot
	Functional Anatomy
		The Ankle
		The Foot
	Observation
	Subjective Examination
	Gentle Palpation
		Medial Aspect
		Dorsal Aspect
		Lateral Aspect
		Posterior Aspect
		Plantar Surface
	Active Movement Testing
	Passive Movement Testing
		Physiological Movements
		Mobility Testing of the Accessory Movements
	Resistive Testing
		Ankle Plantar Flexion
		Ankle Dorsiflexion
		Subtalar Inversion
		Subtalar Eversion
	Neurological Examination
		Motor
		Reflexes
		Sensation
	Referred Pain Patterns
	Special Tests
		Special Neurological Tests
		Tests for Structural Integrity
	Tests for Alignment
		Test for Flexible Versus Rigid Flat Foot
		Test for Medial Longitudinal Arch
	Radiological Views
14 Gait
	The Lower Extremity
	What Is Gait?
	What Is Normal Gait?
	The Examination of Abnormal Gait
		Foot and Ankle
		Knee
		Hip
		Leg Length Discrepancy
Appendices
Bibliography
Index
EULA