Muscular and skeletal anomalies in human trisomy in an evo-devo context : description of a T18 cyclopic fetus and comparison between Edwards (T18), Patau (T13) and Down (T21) syndromes using 3-D imaging and anatomical illustrations

 Content: Topics and purpose of this book    Introduction    The ontology, phylogeny and clinical importance of muscle variation seen in the light of the myology of human aneuploid syndromes    Table 1 - Examples of muscle variations and their clinical correlations in karyotipically normal humans    Trisomies 18, 13, and 21, cyclopia, and lack of comparative myological studies    Order versus randomness in evolution and birth defects    Serial homology, integration, forelimbs and hindlimbs    Developmental constraints, muscle attachments, facial muscles, and the present study        The musculoskeletal system of a 28-week human Trisomy 18 cyclopia fetus    Introduction    Back, shoulder and arm    Left forearm/hand    Right forearm/hand    Legs and feet    Neck and head, including extraocular muscles    Bones of the cranium    Table 2 - Muscular anomalies in 28-week Trisomy 18 cyclopic fetus compared with documented cases of Trisomies 18, 13, and 21        Comparative anatomy of muscular anomalies of Trisomies 13, 18, and 21    Introduction    Head and neck    Back and pectoral region    Upper limb    Lower Limb    Table 3 - Muscular anomalies reported by other authors in Trisomies 18, 13, and 21        Cyclopia, trisomic anomalies, and order versus chaos in development and evolution    Introduction    Cyclopia and eye musculature    Development, trisomy, cyclopia, and muscles    Integration and limb serial homology    Facial muscles and topological position versus developmental anlage in the cyclopic head    "Logic of monsters", homeostasis, and order versus chaos in development and evolution        Digits and muscles: topology-directed muscle attachment    Introduction    Tetrapod limbs, digits, muscles, and homeotic transformations    Birth defects, limb muscles, non-pentadactyly, and implications for human medicine        Evolutionary theory and mouse models for Down syndrome    Introduction    Evolutionary reversions, Dollo's law, and human evolution    Atavisms, birth defects, "recapitulation", adaptive plasticity and developmental constraints    Future directions: Down syndrome, muscle dysfunction, mouse models, genetics, and apoptosis        Appendix A - Dissection photographs of Trisomy 18 human cyclopia fetus     Appendix B - 3-D renders of Trisomy 18 human cyclopia fetus CT scan data    References    Index