Muscle Relaxants: Physiologic and Pharmacologic Aspects

Front Matter....Pages II-XIX
Front Matter....Pages 1-1
Some Early Approaches to Relaxation in the United Kingdom....Pages 3-7
The Final Steps Leading to the Anesthetic Use of Muscle Relaxants....Pages 8-12
History of Muscle Relaxants in Japan....Pages 13-15
Front Matter....Pages 17-17
Mechanisms of Action of Reversal Agents....Pages 19-30
Nicotinic Receptors....Pages 31-36
The Neuromuscular Junction—Basic Receptor Pharmacology....Pages 37-47
Muscle Contraction and Calcium Ion....Pages 48-48
Front Matter....Pages 49-49
Prejunctional Actions of Neuromuscular Blocking Drugs....Pages 51-61
Approaches to Short-Acting Neuromuscular Blocking Agents....Pages 62-66
Effects Other than Relaxation of Non-Depolarizing Muscle Relaxants....Pages 67-81
Regulation of Innervation-Related Properties of Cultured Skeletal Muscle Cells by Transmitter and Co-Transmitters....Pages 82-89
Front Matter....Pages 91-91
Where Should Experimental Works Be Conducted?....Pages 93-94
Muscle Relaxants in the Intensive Care Unit....Pages 95-104
New Relaxants in the Operating Room....Pages 105-110
Kinetic-Dynamic Modelling of Neuromuscular Blockade....Pages 111-114
Front Matter....Pages 115-115
Physiology of the Neuromuscular Junction....Pages 117-127
Properties of α7-Containing Acetylcholine Receptors and Their Expression in Both Neurons and Muscle....Pages 128-134
Molecular Biology of Neuromuscular Transmission....Pages 135-141
Presynaptic Neuromuscular Blockade....Pages 142-149
The Function of the ACh Receptor Channel....Pages 150-153
Front Matter....Pages 155-155
Differences of Onset of Different Muscles in Man and Their Consequences on Monitoring of Neuromuscular Transmission....Pages 157-162
Structure-Onset Relationship of Steroidal Neuromuscular Blocking Agents....Pages 163-166
A Blueprint for a Fast Acting Non-Depolarizing Drug....Pages 167-170
Front Matter....Pages 171-171
Benzylisoquinolinium Compounds in the Critically Ill Patient....Pages 173-177
The Long-Term Use of Pipecuronium in Cardiac and Esophageal Surgery Patients....Pages 178-185
Mechanisms — Changes Induced by Long-Term High-Dose Muscle Relaxant Administration....Pages 186-186
Front Matter....Pages 187-187
Metabolism and Metabolites of Benzylisoquinolinium Diester Compounds....Pages 189-193
Conceptual Building Blocks in Developing a Pharmacodynamic Model for a Muscle Relaxant....Pages 194-204
Structure-Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Relationships of Steroidal Neuromuscular Blocking Agents....Pages 205-212
Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Aminosteroidal Neuromuscular Blocking Agents and Their Metabolites....Pages 213-216
Front Matter....Pages 217-217
Pharmacokinetics of Muscle Relaxants in Children....Pages 219-223
Muscle Relaxants in Elderly Patients....Pages 224-231
Muscle Relaxants in Patients with Renal or Hepatic Failure....Pages 232-248
The Influence of Temperature on the Adductor Pollicis Twitch Tension in the Presence and Absence of Vecuronium....Pages 249-253
Front Matter....Pages 255-255
The Iceberg Theory — Fact or Fiction? Implication for Monitoring....Pages 257-261
New Aspects of Double Burst Stimulation....Pages 262-265
Front Matter....Pages 267-267
Interactions of Volatile Anesthetics with Non-Depolarizing Neuromuscular Blocking Agents....Pages 269-274
Interaction Between Calcium Antagonists and Muscle Relaxants....Pages 275-279
Dexamethasone Induces nAChRs Upregulation in C 2 C 12 Mouse Myotubes....Pages 280-282
Interaction Between Muscle Relaxants....Pages 283-292
Front Matter....Pages 293-293
The Pharmacokinetics of the Three Isomers of Mivacurium Chloride in Healthy, Renal and Hepatic Patients Given Short or Prolonged Infusions of the Drug....Pages 295-298
Methods of Administration of Neuromuscular Blocking Drugs....Pages 299-305
Pharmacodynamics and Pharmacokinetics of Different Modes of Rocuronium Administration....Pages 306-310
Making the Administration Simple and Safe....Pages 311-313
Front Matter....Pages 315-315
Problems with Reversal in Adults....Pages 317-319
Ventilation and Neuromuscular Blocking Drugs....Pages 320-326
Reversal of Mivacurium: Neostigmine, Edrophonium, or Spontaneous Recovery — Which Makes More Sense?....Pages 327-329
Anticholinesterase Agents: An Odyssey....Pages 330-331
Front Matter....Pages 333-333
Future Goals of the Benzylisoquinolinium Ester Program....Pages 335-341
Is a Non-Depolarising Suxamethonium an Achievable Target?....Pages 342-347
The Future of Muscle Relaxants Outside the Operating Room....Pages 348-348
Front Matter....Pages 349-349
Recovery Characteristics After Early Administration of Anticholinesterases During Intense Mivacurium-Induced Block....Pages 351-351
Assessment of the Optimal Interval of Tetanic Stimulation for Post-Tetanic Count....Pages 352-352
Clinical Assessment of a New Neuromuscular Monitoring System: TOF Guard® — A Comparison with the Conventional Method....Pages 353-353
Onset and Duration of Rocuronium and Succinylcholine at the Adductor Pollicis and Laryngeal Adductor Muscles in Patients Anesthetized with Fentanyl and Propofol....Pages 354-354
The Mechanisms of the Differential Sensitivity to Non-Depolarizing Muscle Relaxants of the Adductor and Abductor Laryngeal Muscles in Rat....Pages 355-355
Rocuronium Neuromuscular Blockade at Guinea Pig Intrinsic Laryngeal Muscles and the Cranial Tibial Muscle....Pages 356-356
Fibers, Endplates and Acetylcholine Receptors in Limb, Abdominal, Laryngeal and Diaphragm Muscles in the Cat....Pages 357-357
Recovery and Reversal of Mivacurium Neuromuscular Blockade with Neostigmine and Edrophonium in Paediatric Patients....Pages 358-358
Neuromuscular Effects of Mivacurium When Preceded by Succinylcholine in Children....Pages 359-359
Front Matter....Pages 349-349
Isobolographic Analysis of the Interaction Between Hexamethonium and Decamethonium....Pages 360-360
Synergism Between Atracurium and Vecuronium with Mivacurium....Pages 361-361
Influence of Bambuterol on the Duration of Action of Mivacurium Induced Neuromuscular Blockade....Pages 362-362
Onsets of Train-of-Four Responses and Discomfort Associated with the Ulnar Nerve Stimuli at Varying Currents....Pages 363-363
A Method for Studying Interaction Between Non-Deporalizing Neuromuscular Blockers and Other Drugs in Vivo....Pages 364-364
Time Course of Neuromuscular Block of Vecuronium Analogues and d-Tubocurarine in the Chick Biventer Cervicis Muscle....Pages 365-365
Female Rats are More Sensitive to the Neuromuscular Blocking Action of Rocuronium than Male Rats....Pages 366-366
The Effect of Cardiac Output on the Onset of Neuromuscular Blockade of Vecuronium and Pancuronium....Pages 367-367
Correlation of the Speed of Onset of the Effective Relaxation with Vecuronium 0.15 mg/kg with Body Mass and the Size of the Priming Dose....Pages 368-368
Functional Heterogeneity of Murine Mucosal and Connective Tissue Mast Cells in Response to Six Kinds of Muscle Relaxants in Vitro....Pages 369-369
Hemodynamic Evaluation of Pancuronium Bromide by the Transesophageal Echocardiography....Pages 370-370
Neuromuscular Blocking Effects of Org-9487 in the in Vitro Rat Hemidiaphragm/phrenic Nerve Preparation....Pages 371-371
Neuromuscular Refractoriness, Prejunctional Block and MgSO 4 in the Pig....Pages 372-372
Comparative Studies of Pipecuronium and Tubocurarine on Releases of Histamine and N-Methylhistamine in Surgical Patients....Pages 373-373
The Effects of Rocuronium in Infants, Children and Adults....Pages 374-374
Augmentation of Succinylcholine on the Neuromuscular Blocking Effect of Vecuronium in Pediatrics....Pages 375-375
Efficient Method for Administration of Neostigmine to Antagonize Neuromuscular Blockade by Vecuronium....Pages 376-376
Antagonism of Mivacurium-Induced Neuromuscular Blockade in Man: Edrophonium Dose Requirements at Threshold Train-of-Four Count of Four....Pages 377-377
Edrophonium Antagonism of Constant Mivacurium Infusion....Pages 378-378
Comparison of the Neuromuscular Effects of SZ1676, SZ1677 and Vecuronium in Beagle Dogs....Pages 379-379
Front Matter....Pages 349-349
The Protein Binding of SZ1676, SZ1677 and Rocuronium and Their Inhibitory Effect on Human Cholinesterases....Pages 380-380
Comparison of the Neuromuscular Effects of SZ1676 and Vecuronium in Guinea-Pig....Pages 381-381
Postsynaptic Nicotinic Receptor Desensitized by Non-Contractile Ca 2+ Mobilization (Ramic) via Protein Kinase-C Activation at the Mouse Neuromuscular Junction....Pages 382-382
The Influence of Cold on the Recovery Index of Vecuronium and Decamethonium in Man....Pages 383-383
Discrepancy of Recovery Times Related to Potency Between Atracurium and Mivacurium Simultaneously Administered into the Isolated Forearms....Pages 384-384
Disposition of Mivacurium Isomers in Patients Undergoing Hypothermic Cardiopulmonary Bypass....Pages 385-385
The Duration of Vecuronium Action Shortened After Kidney Transplantation....Pages 386-386
Evaluation of 51W89 for Endotracheal Intubation and Repeated Doses....Pages 387-387
A New Technique for the Facilitation of Rapid Sequence Intubation: “The Prime Time Principle”....Pages 388-388
Pharmacodynamics of Pipecuronium in Patients with Decreased Renal Function....Pages 389-389
The Sensitivity of the Neonatal Rat to Mivacurium Relative to Mature Rats....Pages 390-390
The Effects of Sevoflurane, Halothane and Balanced Anaesthesia on Vecuronium-Induced Neuromuscular Blockade in Children....Pages 391-391
The Effects of Succinylcholine-Induced Fasciculation on Energy Metabolism in Rat Denervated Skeletal Muscle Studied by 31 P-NMR....Pages 392-392
The Potency and Time Course of the Neuromuscular Effects of SZ1676 and Its Hydroxy Analogs in Guinea-Pigs....Pages 393-393
Comparison of the Neuromuscular and Circulatory Effects of SZ1676, SZ1677 and Rocuronium in Cats....Pages 394-394
Comparative Pharmacodynamics of SZ1677 and Rocuronium in Laryngeal Muscles of the Guinea Pig....Pages 395-395
Do Antiarrhythmic Dose of Magnesium Have Prejunctional Neuromuscular Block in Human Being....Pages 396-396
The Roles of the Equilibrium Dissociation Constant and the Receptor Concentration on the Time Course of Neuromuscular Block....Pages 397-397
Safety and Efficacy of Surgeon-Controlled Mivacurium Administration During Elective Caesarean Section....Pages 398-398
Dose Response Relationship of Mivacurium in Patients Homozygous for the Atypical Cholinesterase Gene....Pages 399-399
Front Matter....Pages 349-349
Hyperparathyroidism in Patients with Chronic Renal Failure Shortens the Action of Vecuronium....Pages 400-400
Mivacurium-Induced Neuromuscular Blockade (NB) Is Not Affected by Chronic Anticonvulsant Therapy with Carbamazepine....Pages 401-401
Does Chronic Anticonvulsant Therapy with Carbamazepine Affect the Atracurium Induced Neuromuscular Blockade?....Pages 402-402
An Anesthesia for the Patient Who Was Suspected the Lambert-Eaton Syndrome by an Unexpected Prolongation of Vecuronium....Pages 403-403
Quantifying the Effect of Enflurane on Infusion Requirements of Atracurium and Vecuronium....Pages 404-404
Effect of Isoflurane and Sevoflurane on the Potencies of the Neuromuscular Blocking Agents in Rat in Vivo....Pages 405-405
Comparative Neuromuscular Inhibition of Volatile Anesthetics Using Repetitive Stimulation....Pages 406-406
Potentiation of Vecuronium by Desflurane vs. Isoflurane....Pages 407-407
Neuromuscular Recovery During Washout of Desflurane vs. Isoflurane....Pages 408-408
Pharmacodynamics of Rocuronium in Comparison with that of Vecuronium....Pages 409-409
Co-Administration of Two Muscle Relaxants: When Are the Effects Supra-Additive?....Pages 410-410
Neuromuscular Interaction Between Succinylcholine and Esmolol in the Rat....Pages 411-411
Intubating Conditions and Haemodynamic Effects of Rapid Sequence Induction with Fentanyl, Propofol and Rocuronium....Pages 412-412
The Usefulness of Neuromuscular Monitoring in the Intensive Care Unit — A Report of Three Cases....Pages 413-413
Comparison of Respiratory Sparing Effect on Pancuronium, Vecuronium and Rocuronium in Rats in Vivo....Pages 414-414
Difference of Recovery of Neuromuscular Function in Adductor Pollicis and Flexor Hallucis Brevis Following Muscle Relaxation with Vecuronium....Pages 415-415