Municipal Solid Waste to Energy Conversion Processes: Economic, Technical, and Renewable Comparisons

MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE TO ENERGY CONVERSION PROCESSES......Page 3
CONTENTS......Page 7
Preface......Page 11
Professional Biography......Page 13
Historical Background and Perspective......Page 15
Introduction......Page 16
What is Pyrolysis?......Page 17
What is Pyrolysis/Gasification?......Page 19
What is Conventional Gasification?......Page 20
What is Plasma Arc Gasification?......Page 22
What is Mass Burn (Incineration)?......Page 23
What is the Economic Comparison Between the Thermal Processes?......Page 24
References......Page 29
2 How Can Plasma Arc Gasification Take Garbage to Electricity and a Case Study?......Page 30
Economic Cases......Page 33
Logical Approach for Future Progress......Page 34
References......Page 35
MSW To Syngas to Liquid Fuels Via Chemistry (Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis) and a Case Study......Page 37
Basis......Page 40
Economic Case......Page 41
Logical Approach for Future Progress......Page 42
MSW to Syngas to Liquid Fuel via Biochemistry and a Case Study......Page 43
Basis and Economics......Page 45
References......Page 47
4 Plasma Economics: Garbage/Wastes to Electricity, Case Study with Economy of Scale......Page 49
Conclusions and Recommendations (Opinions)......Page 53
References......Page 54
5 Plasma Economics: Garbage/Wastes to Power Ethanol Plants and a Case Study......Page 55
Basis......Page 58
Economic Cases......Page 59
Logical Approach for Future Progress......Page 60
References......Page 61
6 From Curbside to Landfill: Cash Flows as a Revenue Source for Waste Solids-to-Energy Management......Page 63
References......Page 137
7 Plasma Economics: Garbage/Wastes to Power, Case Study with Economics of a 94 ton/day Facility......Page 138
More Recent Events About the Project......Page 140
References......Page 142
8 Plant Operations: Eco-Valley Plant in Utashinai, Japan: An Independent Case Study......Page 143
References......Page 147
What is Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) and How Much is Generated in the United States?......Page 149
MSW Properties......Page 151
References......Page 167
10 MSW Processes to Energy with High-Value Products and Specialty By-Products......Page 169
Production of Ammonia (NH(3)) from Syngas via Chemical Synthesis Route......Page 171
Production of Gas to Liquids from Syngas via Chemical Synthesis Route......Page 172
Production of Methanol (CH(3)OH) from Syngas via Chemical Synthesis Route......Page 178
Production of Synthetic Natural Gas (SNG) from Syngas via Chemical Synthesis Route......Page 181
Production of Hydrogen (H(2)) from Syngas via Chemical Synthesis Route(S)......Page 183
Air Separation Unit (ASU)......Page 186
CO(2)-Rich Separated Gas Stream/Conventional Turbine Expander......Page 187
Production of Ethanol and Methanol from Syngas using Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis Process......Page 189
Production of Ethanol from Syngas via a Bio-Chemical Synthesis Route......Page 192
Production of Ethanol via a Combination of Chemical and Bio-Chemical Synthesis Routes Using Biomass (Cellulosic Material)......Page 195
Oxosynthesis (Hydroformylation): Syngas and Olefinic Hydrocarbons and Chemical Synthesis......Page 200
Slag or Vitrified Slag or Ash from Gasification Reactor and Specialty By-Product Options......Page 202
Process for Resolving Problems with Ashes......Page 206
Production of Road Material from Slag and Vitrified Slag......Page 210
Production and Uses of Rock Wool, Stone Wool, and Mineral Wool......Page 211
Production of Flame-Resistant Foam......Page 214
Destruction of Asbestos Wastes via Vitrification......Page 215
Discussion of Potential Markets for the Vitrified Slag......Page 216
References......Page 218
11 MSW Gasifiers and Process Equipment......Page 222
Conventional Gasifiers/Gasification Reactors......Page 224
ChevronTexaco Entrained-Flow Gasifier......Page 226
E-Gas™ Entrained-Flow Gasifier......Page 227
Shell Entrained-Flow Gasifier......Page 228
Lurgi Dry-Ash Gasifier and British Gas/Lurgi Gasifier......Page 229
Prenflo Entrained Bed Gasifier......Page 231
High-Temperature Winkler Gasifier......Page 232
KRW Fluidized Bed Gasifier......Page 233
Plasma Arc Gasification Technology......Page 235
Alter Nrg Plasma Gasifier (Westinghouse Plasma Corporation) System......Page 236
EUROPLASMA, Plasma Arc System......Page 237
Phoenix Solutions Plasma Arc Torches, Phoenix Solutions Company (PSC)......Page 240
Integrated Environmental Technologies, LLC (InEnTec)......Page 241
Thermoselect Process by Interstate Waste Technologies......Page 244
Primenergy’s Gasification System at Moderate Temperatures......Page 245
Candle Filter......Page 248
Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) Units......Page 249
Main Sulfur Removal Technologies......Page 250
Siemens-Westinghouse Syngas Combustion Turbine for Syngas......Page 251
General Electric (GE) Combustion Turbine for Syngas......Page 252
GE Gas Engine for Syngas......Page 254
Noncontact Solids Flow Meter for Waste Solids (RayMas(®) Meter)......Page 255
References......Page 265
Wind Energy: Introduction......Page 269
Big Wind Systems to Energy......Page 272
Economic Example and Cases......Page 273
Discussion of Economics For the Large Wind Farm Cases......Page 280
Economy of Scale Associated With Wind Farms......Page 284
Small Wind Systems to Energy......Page 286
Discussion of Economics for the Small Wind Farm Cases......Page 293
Hydroelectric Energy: Introduction......Page 294
Hydroelectric Mill Dam: Nashua, Iowa......Page 297
Discussion of the Nashua Hydroelectric Economic Analyses......Page 299
Hydroelectric Mill Dam: Delhi, Iowa......Page 307
Discussion of the Delhi Hydroelectric Economic Analyses......Page 308
Hydroelectric Mill Dam: Fort Dodge, Iowa......Page 312
Discussion of the Fort Dodge Hydroelectric Economic Analyses......Page 319
Daily Flow and Production Methodology, Fort Dodge Mill Dam Hydroelectric Facility......Page 330
References......Page 374
Introduction......Page 376
References......Page 392
Index......Page 393