Multimedia Semantics: Metadata, Analysis and Interaction

Content: Foreword xi    List of Figures xiii     List of Tables xvii     List of Contributors xix     1 Introduction 1  Raphael Troncy, Benoit Huet and Simon Schenk     2 Use Case Scenarios 7  Werner Bailer, Susanne Boll, Oscar Celma, Michael Hausenblas and Yves Raimond     2.1 Photo Use Case 8     2.1.1 Motivating Examples 8     2.1.2 Semantic Description of Photos Today 9     2.1.3 Services We Need for Photo Collections 10     2.2 Music Use Case 10     2.2.1 Semantic Description of Music Assets 11     2.2.2 Music Recommendation and Discovery 12     2.2.3 Management of Personal Music Collections 13     2.3 Annotation in Professional Media Production and Archiving 14     2.3.1 Motivating Examples 15     2.3.2 Requirements for Content Annotation 17     2.4 Discussion 18     Acknowledgements 19     3 Canonical Processes of Semantically Annotated Media Production 21  Lynda Hardman, Z!eljko Obrenovic\' and Frank Nack     3.1 Canonical Processes 22     3.1.1 Premeditate 23     3.1.2 Create Media Asset 23     3.1.3 Annotate 23     3.1.4 Package 24     3.1.5 Query 24     3.1.6 Construct Message 25     3.1.7 Organize 25     3.1.8 Publish 26     3.1.9 Distribute 26     3.2 Example Systems 27     3.2.1 CeWe Color Photo Book 27     3.2.2 SenseCam 29     3.3 Conclusion and Future Work 33     4 Feature Extraction for Multimedia Analysis 35  Rachid Benmokhtar, Benoit Huet, Gael Richard and Slim Essid     4.1 Low-Level Feature Extraction 36     4.1.1 What Are Relevant Low-Level Features? 36     4.1.2 Visual Descriptors 36     4.1.3 Audio Descriptors 45     4.2 Feature Fusion and Multi-modality 54     4.2.1 Feature Normalization 54     4.2.2 Homogeneous Fusion 55     4.2.3 Cross-modal Fusion 56     4.3 Conclusion 58     5 Machine Learning Techniques for Multimedia Analysis 59  Slim Essid, Marine Campedel, Gael Richard, Tomas Piatrik, Rachid Benmokhtar and Benoit Huet     5.1 Feature Selection 61     5.1.1 Selection Criteria 61     5.1.2 Subset Search 62     5.1.3 Feature Ranking 63     5.1.4 A Supervised Algorithm Example 63     5.2 Classification 65     5.2.1 Historical Classification Algorithms 65     5.2.2 Kernel Methods 67     5.2.3 Classifying Sequences 71     5.2.4 Biologically Inspired Machine Learning Techniques 73     5.3 Classifier Fusion 75     5.3.1 Introduction 75     5.3.2 Non-trainable Combiners 75     5.3.3 Trainable Combiners 76     5.3.4 Combination of Weak Classifiers 77     5.3.5 Evidence Theory 78     5.3.6 Consensual Clustering 78     5.3.7 Classifier Fusion Properties 80     5.4 Conclusion 80     6 Semantic Web Basics 81  Eyal Oren and Simon Schenk     6.1 The Semantic Web 82     6.2 RDF 83     6.2.1 RDF Graphs 86     6.2.2 Named Graphs 87     6.2.3 RDF Semantics 88     6.3 RDF Schema 90     6.4 Data Models 93     6.5 Linked Data Principles 94     6.5.1 Dereferencing Using Basic Web Look-up 95     6.5.2 Dereferencing Using HTTP 303 Redirects 95     6.6 Development Practicalities 96     6.6.1 Data Stores 97     6.6.2 Toolkits 97     7 Semantic Web Languages 99  Antoine Isaac, Simon Schenk and Ansgar Scherp     7.1 The Need for Ontologies on the Semantic Web 100     7.2 Representing Ontological Knowledge Using OWL 100     7.2.1 OWL Constructs and OWL Syntax 100     7.2.2 The Formal Semantics of OWL and its Different Layers 102     7.2.3 Reasoning Tasks 106     7.2.4 OWL Flavors 107     7.2.5 Beyond OWL 107     7.3 A Language to Represent Simple Conceptual Vocabularies: SKOS 108     7.3.1 Ontologies versus Knowledge Organization Systems 108     7.3.2 Representing Concept Schemes Using SKOS 109     7.3.3 Characterizing Concepts beyond SKOS 111     7.3.4 Using SKOS Concept Schemes on the Semantic Web 112     7.4 Querying on the Semantic Web 113     7.4.1 Syntax 113     7.4.2 Semantics 118     7.4.3 Default Negation in SPARQL 123     7.4.4 Well-Formed Queries 124     7.4.5 Querying for Multimedia Metadata 124     7.4.6 Partitioning Datasets 126     7.4.7 Related Work 127     8 Multimedia Metadata Standards 129  Peter Schallauer, Werner Bailer, Raphael Troncy and Florian Kaiser     8.1 Selected Standards 130     8.1.1 MPEG-7 130     8.1.2 EBU P-Meta 132     8.1.3 SMPTE Metadata Standards 133     8.1.4 Dublin Core 133     8.1.5 TV-Anytime 134     8.1.6 METS and VRA 134     8.1.7 MPEG-21 135     8.1.8 XMP, IPTC in XMP 135     8.1.9 EXIF 136     8.1.10 DIG35 137     8.1.11 ID3/MP3 137     8.1.12 NewsML G2 and rNews 138     8.1.13 W3C Ontology for Media Resources 138     8.1.14 EBUCore 139     8.2 Comparison 140     8.3 Conclusion 143     9 The Core Ontology for Multimedia 145  Thomas Franz, Raphael Troncy and Miroslav Vacura     9.1 Introduction 145     9.2 A Multimedia Presentation for Granddad 146     9.3 Related Work 149     9.4 Requirements for Designing a Multimedia Ontology 150     9.5 A Formal Representation for MPEG-7 150     9.5.1 DOLCE as Modeling Basis 151     9.5.2 Multimedia Patterns 151     9.5.3 Basic Patterns 155     9.5.4 Comparison with Requirements 157     9.6 Granddad   s Presentation Explained by COMM 157     9.7 Lessons Learned 159     9.8 Conclusion 160     10 Knowledge-Driven Segmentation and Classification 163  Thanos Athanasiadis, Phivos Mylonas, Georgios Th. Papadopoulos, Vasileios Mezaris, Yannis Avrithis, Ioannis Kompatsiaris and Michael G. Strintzis     10.1 Related Work 164     10.2 Semantic Image Segmentation 165     10.2.1 Graph Representation of an Image 165     10.2.2 Image Graph Initialization 165     10.2.3 Semantic Region Growing 167     10.3 Using Contextual Knowledge to Aid Visual Analysis 170     10.3.1 Contextual Knowledge Formulation 170     10.3.2 Contextual Relevance 173     10.4 Spatial Context and Optimization 177     10.4.1 Introduction 177     10.4.2 Low-Level Visual Information Processing 177     10.4.3 Initial Region-Concept Association 178     10.4.4 Final Region-Concept Association 179     10.5 Conclusions 181     11 Reasoning for Multimedia Analysis 183  Nikolaos Simou, Giorgos Stoilos, Carsten Saathoff, Jan Nemrava, Vojt!ech Sv\'atek, Petr Berka and Vassilis Tzouvaras     11.1 Fuzzy DL Reasoning 184     11.1.1 The Fuzzy DL f-SHIN 184     11.1.2 The Tableaux Algorithm 185     11.1.3 The FiRE Fuzzy Reasoning Engine 187     11.2 Spatial Features for Image Region Labeling 192     11.2.1 Fuzzy Constraint Satisfaction Problems 192     11.2.2 Exploiting Spatial Features Using Fuzzy     Constraint Reasoning 193     11.3 Fuzzy Rule Based Reasoning Engine 196     11.4 Reasoning over Resources Complementary to Audiovisual Streams 201     12 Multi-Modal Analysis for Content Structuring and Event Detection 205  Noel E. O   Connor, David A. Sadlier, Bart Lehane, Andrew Salway, Jan Nemrava and Paul Buitelaar     12.1 Moving Beyond Shots for Extracting Semantics 206     12.2 A Multi-Modal Approach 207     12.3 Case Studies 207     12.4 Case Study 1: Field Sports 208     12.4.1 Content Structuring 208     12.4.2 Concept Detection Leveraging Complementary Text Sources 213     12.5 Case Study 2: Fictional Content 214     12.5.1 Content Structuring 215     12.5.2 Concept Detection Leveraging Audio Description 219     12.6 Conclusions and Future Work 221     13 Multimedia Annotation Tools 223  Carsten Saathoff, Krishna Chandramouli, Werner Bailer, Peter Schallauer and Raphael Troncy     13.1 State of the Art 224     13.2 SVAT: Professional Video Annotation 225     13.2.1 User Interface 225     13.2.2 Semantic Annotation 228     13.3 KAT: Semi-automatic, Semantic Annotation of Multimedia Content 229     13.3.1 History 231     13.3.2 Architecture 232     13.3.3 Default Plugins 234     13.3.4 Using COMM as an Underlying Model: Issues and Solutions 234     13.3.5 Semi-automatic Annotation: An Example 237     13.4 Conclusions 239     14 Information Organization Issues in Multimedia Retrieval Using Low-Level Features 241  Frank Hopfgartner, Reede Ren, Thierry Urruty and Joemon M. Jose     14.1 Efficient Multimedia Indexing Structures 242     14.1.1 An Efficient Access Structure for Multimedia Data 243     14.1.2 Experimental Results 245     14.1.3 Conclusion 249     14.2 Feature Term Based Index 249     14.2.1 Feature Terms 250     14.2.2 Feature Term Distribution 251     14.2.3 Feature Term Extraction 252     14.2.4 Feature Dimension Selection 253     14.2.5 Collection Representation and Retrieval System 254     14.2.6 Experiment 256     14.2.7 Conclusion 258     14.3 Conclusion and Future Trends 259     Acknowledgement 259     15 The Role of Explicit Semantics in Search and Browsing 261  Michiel Hildebrand, Jacco van Ossenbruggen and Lynda Hardman     15.1 Basic Search Terminology 261     15.2 Analysis of Semantic Search 262     15.2.1 Query Construction 263     15.2.2 Search Algorithm 265     15.2.3 Presentation of Results 267     15.2.4 Survey Summary 269     15.3 Use Case A: Keyword Search in ClioPatria 270     15.3.1 Query Construction 270     15.3.2 Search Algorithm 270     15.3.3 Result Visualization and Organization 273     15.4 Use Case B: Faceted Browsing in ClioPatria 274     15.4.1 Query Construction 274     15.4.2 Search Algorithm 276     15.4.3 Result Visualization and Organization 276     15.5 Conclusions 277     16 Conclusion 279  Raphael Troncy, Benoit Huet and Simon Schenk     References 281     Author Index 301     Subject Index 303