Multidisciplinarity and Interdisciplinarity in Health

Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
1 Introduction on Integrated Science: Multidisciplinarity and Interdisciplinarity in Health
	1 Introduction
		1.1 That the Larger, the Less Imperfect
		1.2 That the Longer, the More Imperfect
	2 Healthcare Teams
		2.1 Old World and Wars
		2.2 New World and Non-communicable Diseases
	3 MD/ID Approach
		3.1 MD/ID Teams and Health Care
		3.2 MD/ID Teams and Health Education
		3.3 Challenges to ID Healthcare and Education Teams
	4 ID Approach to Health Research
	5 Why Integrated ID
	6 How Integrated ID
		6.1 Art
		6.2 AI
	7 To Do so
		7.1 Interface
		7.2 Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
		7.3 Design Thinking
		7.4 Simulation-Based Training
	8 Further Works for Health
		8.1 Biomedical Engineering (Bioengineering)
			8.1.1 Biomedical Imaging
		8.2 Data Mining
		8.3 Nanotechnology
		8.4 Health Informatics
		8.5 Diagnosis and Treatment
		8.6 Drug Delivery
		8.7 Pharmacokinetics
		8.8 Social Capital and Health
	9 Conclusion
	References
2 Cognitive Sciences as a Naturalistic Model of Interdisciplinary Approaches
	1 Introduction
	2 What Does “Naturalism” Mean Today
		2.1 Physicalist Naturalism
		2.2 The humanistic Naturalism of Evolutionary Biology
	3 The Neo-naturalistic Model of Cognitive Sciences
		3.1 The Computational Paradigm
		3.2 The Hegemony of Neuroscience and the Resilience of the Philosophy of the Mind
		3.3 The Embodied Cognition and the Neo-naturalism of Contemporary Cognitive sciences
	4 Conclusion
	References
3 The Aesthetics of Science from the Viewpoint of Neuroscience
	1 Introduction
	2 Background
	3 Active Regions Involved in Aesthetic Behaviour
	4 Aesthetic Sense in the Brain, Emotion, or Cognition
	5 Innate or Acquired Nature of Aesthetics of Science
	6 Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	References
4 Neuroscience and Quantum Physics Aspect of Human Brainwaves
	1 Introduction
	2 The Origin of Human Brainwaves
	3 The Neuroscience of Human Brainwaves
		3.1 Limbic Epilepsy Associated with Viscero- and Psychosomatic Reaction
		3.2 Limbic-Vestibular-Insular Epilepsy and the Role of White Matter Tract in Epilepsy
		3.3 Brain Mapping
		3.4 Brainwaves in Psychiatry
		3.5 Brainwaves of a Blind Person
	4 Quantum Physics of Brainwaves and Total Brain Field
		4.1 Quantum Features of the Brainwaves
		4.2 Death, Meditation, Anesthesia, and Brain Transplant
	5 Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	References
5 Modern Psychiatry: Confluence of Mind, Science, and Society
	1 Introduction
	2 The Semantics of Psychiatric Diagnoses
	3 Concept of Epigenetics
	4 Bio-Psycho-Social Profile
	5 Concepts for Child Mental Health
	6 The Equation of Conceptualization
		6.1 Gene
		6.2 Environment
		6.3 Modulators
	7 Adverse Childhood Experiences Study (ACES)
		7.1 The Neural Plasticity Model
		7.2 Maladaptive Learning
	8 Disorders
		8.1 Anxiety
			8.1.1 Role of Breathing
		8.2 Bipolar Disorder
			8.2.1 Brain Tissue Migration
			8.2.2 Other Bipolar Related Findings
		8.3 Depression
		8.4 Schizophrenia-Spectrum Disorders
	9 Society and Its Role in Psychiatry
		9.1 Shame and Self-accommodation
		9.2 Treatment
		9.3 System of Dispensing Care
	10 Conclusion
	References
6 Schizophrenia: A Disorder of Timing and Sensorimotor Integration During Decision-Making
	1 Introduction
	2 The Attentional Level and Time Perception in Patients with Schizophrenia
	3 Memory Processing, Recall, and Recruitment in Patients with Schizophrenia
	4 Sensorimotor Integration During Decision-Making in Schizophrenia
	5 Conclusion
	References
7 Getting to Know Ourselves Through Recognizing Ourselves in Others: Neuroanatomy of Empathy in a Social Neuroscientific Model
	1 Introduction
	2 Complex Meanings of Empathy: Connections with Mental Health and Social Neuroscience
	3 Empathic Processes and Their Neuroanatomical Correlations
		3.1 Emotional Experience
		3.2 Emotional Contagion and Simulation
		3.3 Personal Distress and Emotional Regulation
		3.4 Cognitive Components of Empathy and Theory of Mind
		3.5 The Notion of the Self and the Other
	4 Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	References
8 Why People Make Irrational Choices About Their Health?
	1 Introduction
	2 Health-Related Epistemically Suspect Beliefs (ESB)
	3 Why Do People Adopt Epistemically Suspect Beliefs?
		3.1 Illusory Pattern Perception
		3.2 Sense of Control
		3.3 Illusory Correlations and Causal Illusion
		3.4 Confirmation Bias and Myside Bias
		3.5 The Interrelationships Among Various Types of ESB
	4 The Role of Scientific Reasoning in Our Beliefs About Health
		4.1 What is Scientific Reasoning?
		4.2 Scientific Reasoning as a Factor Contributing to Fewer ESB
		4.3 Scientific Reasoning and Suboptimal Health Choices
		4.4 Downfalls of Scientific Reasoning
	5 Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	References
9 Adherence to Treatment: At the Interface of Biological, Medical, and Social Sciences
	1 Introduction
	2 Why Does Adherence Matter?
	3 Factors in Adherence
	4 Improving Adherence: The Basics
	5 A More Advanced Approach
		5.1 Framing
		5.2 Anchoring
		5.3 Loss Aversion
		5.4 Saliency
		5.5 Inertia
		5.6 Motivational Interviewing
		5.7 Anecdotes
		5.8 Ethics
	6 Conclusion
	References
10 Social Cognition and Food Decisions in Obesity
	1 Introduction
	2 Food Decisions and Emotion Regulation
	3 Social Cognition in Obesity
	4 Neuroanatomy of Food Decisions
	5 How Obesity Affects the Brain and May Impair SC and Food Decisions
	6 Conclusion
	References
11 Nuclear Medicine: A Transdisciplinary Field to Integrate Formal, Physical, Biological, and Medical Sciences
	1 Introduction
	2 Physical Basis
	3 Biological Basis
	4 Scintigraphy
	5 Positron Emitting Tomography
	6 Therapy
	7 Technological Insights and Future Perspectives
	8 Conclusion
	References
12 Beyond the Borders of Dentistry: Interprofessional and Interdisciplinary Approach to Oral Health Promotion
	1 Introduction
	2 Social Determinants of Health
	3 Multidisciplinary Approach to Oral Health Care
		3.1 Epidemiology and Oral Health
		3.2 Psychology and Oral Health
		3.3 Sociology and Oral Health
		3.4 Health Economics and Oral Health
		3.5 Demography and Oral Health
		3.6 Bioinformatics and Oral Health
	4 Oral Health Promotion
	5 Shortcomings of Current Dentistry in Addressing Population’s Oral Health
	6 Evidence-Based Oral Health Promotion
	7 Dental Auxiliaries, Teamwork, and Their Potential Role in Oral Health Promotion
	8 Conclusion
	References
13 Drug Discovery in Big Pharma: Where “Birds” and “Fish” Collaborate to Find New Medicines
	1 Introduction
	2 Birds and Fish
	3 Cost of Developing New Drugs
	4 Captopril (Capoten)
	5 Atorvastatin (Lipitor)
	6 Sirolimus/Rapamycin (Rapamune)
	7 Conclusion
	References
14 A Phenomenological Analysis of the Pandemic: Philosophy and Life
	1 Introduction
	2 Philosophy in the Face of Human Suffering
	3 Philosophy and Knowledge of Death
	4 Philosophy and the Binding Force of Human Contingency
	5 Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	References
15 Engineering, Environment, and Health: Why Interdisciplinarity Matters?
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Interdisciplinary Approach for Sustainable Development
		1.2 The Urgency for Integration of Health, Engineering, and Environment
		1.3 Understanding the Scope of Cross-Disciplinary Overlap for Integration
			1.3.1 Public Health, Epidemiology, and Integrated Science
			1.3.2 Influence of Other Disciplines on Health
				Socio-Cultural System
				Gender
				Economy
				Other Disciplines
		1.4 Engineering: Interdisciplinarity and Applications
	2 Challenges in Interdisciplinary Approach
	3 Tools and Techniques of Interdisciplinary Research
		3.1 Convergence in Interdisciplinary Agenda
		3.2 Catalytic Framework
		3.3 Strategic Communication
		3.4 Community/end-User Engagement
		3.5 Combined Structured Evaluation
		3.6 Co-Development
	4 Conclusion
	References
16 Super-Spreading in Infectious Diseases: A Global Challenge for All Disciplines
	1 Introduction
	2 Super-Spreading in Infectious Diseases
		2.1 Super-Spreading During the 2002–2003 SARS Outbreak
		2.2 Super-Spreading During the MERS Outbreak
		2.3 Super-Spreading in COVID-19
		2.4 Super-Spreading in Ebola
		2.5 Super-Spreading in Measles
		2.6 Super-Spreading in Influenza Outbreaks
		2.7 Super-Spreading in Other Species
	3 Transmission Heterogeneities in Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases
		3.1 Schistosomiasis
		3.2 Malaria
	4 Heterogeneities and Super-Spreading at the Cellular Level
	5 Mechanisms of Super-Spreading and Super-Shedding
	6 Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	References
17 Possibility of Changes in Travel Behavior as a Consequence of the Pandemic and Teleworking
	1 Introduction
	2 Historical Outline (Context)
	3 Teleworking and Telelearning: Transport Connotations
	4 Input Data
		4.1 Shortened Model Proposal
	5 Conclusion
	References
18 Bringing the Two Cultures of the Arts and Sciences Together in Complex Health Interventions
	1 Introduction: The Two Cultures of the Arts and Sciences
	2 The Common Wellsprings of Creativity in the Arts and Sciences
	3 Synergies Between the Sciences and Arts: The Health Humanities
	4 Making the Health Humanities Global
	5 Enriching the Story of Complex Interventions: 	The Complementarities of Art and Science
	6 Conclusion
	References
19 Thinking Deeper, Wider, Further: Visual tools for the Pandemic 3.0 and the Game-Changing Pathways Ahead
	1 Introduction
	2 Visual Thinking and Its Uses
	3 Demonstration: Pandemic 3.0 and the Corona-Games
	4 Visualizing the Pandemic 3.0
		4.1 Scenarios—Unknowns or Unknowable?
		4.2 Alternative Games—From evolution to Coevolution
	5 Corona-Games
		5.1 Introducing the Corona-Games
		5.2 Deeper Threat Multiplier Game #1
		5.3 Risk Game #1
		5.4 The Cities Game #1
		5.5 The Cities Game #2
		5.6 The Knowledge Game #1
	6 Towards a Synergistic Science-3.0
	7 Conclusion
	References
20 The Clinical Benefits of Art Therapy: Definition, History, and Outcomes with a Focus on Music Therapy
	1 Introduction
	2 Art Therapy
		2.1 Visual Arts Therapies (VAT)
		2.2 Drama Therapy (DT)
		2.3 Poetry Therapy (PT)
		2.4 Dance Movement Therapy (DMT)
		2.5 Music Therapy
			2.5.1 Definition
			2.5.2 History
			2.5.3 Neurophysiology of Music
	3 The Plastic Brain
	4 Music as Medicine
		4.1 Neuropsychiatric Disorders
			4.1.1 Brain Injury
			4.1.2 Stroke
			4.1.3 Movement Disorders
			4.1.4 Autism Spectrum Disorders
			4.1.5 Dementia
			4.1.6 Depression
			4.1.7 Anxiety
			4.1.8 Schizophrenia
			4.1.9 Personality Disorder
			4.1.10 Seizure
		4.2 Pediatric and Neonatal Disorders
			4.2.1 Prematurity
		4.3 Cardiovascular Health
		4.4 Pain
		4.5 Cancer
	5 Conclusion
	References
21 When Combining Arts and Sciences Assists Medical Devices Uses: DeafSpace and Cochlear Implants
	1 Introduction
	2 Pros and Cons of Cochlear Implants
		2.1 Concepts and Operating Principle of Cochlear Implant
		2.2 Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats
	3 Montreal Model and Disability Creation Process
		3.1 The Montreal Model
		3.2 DCP
		3.3 Assisting Cochlear Implanted Users Through a Deaf Gain-Based Combination of Art and Science
	4 Art and Science/Research-Creation
	5 The Atomic Box Project
	6 Conclusion
	References
22 Art, Medicine, and Public Health: Synergizing Humanistic and Medical Strategies in Managing a Pandemic
	1 Introduction
	2 The Humanity in the Management of a Pandemic: The Patient-Doctor Relationship
	3 Containing a Pandemic: Language, Communication, and Public Health
	4 Conclusion
	References
23 Big Data and Artificial Intelligence for E-Health
	1 Introduction
	2 Big Data for E-Health Industry and Technological Trends
		2.1 Big data Analytics in Predictive Medicine: Promises and Challenges
		2.2 Framework and Tools
	3 AI and ML for Healthcare
		3.1 AI
		3.2 ML: Overview and Tools
		3.3 Inconvenience and Limits
			3.3.1 Inductively network of AI
			3.3.2 AI and Explored hypothesis
			3.3.3 Deep training for Deep prediction
			3.3.4 Explainability in AI
			3.3.5 Is AI Intelligent?
			3.3.6 Vulnerability of AI in the Medical Ecosystem in Cybersecurity
	4 Effects of ML and Big Data for Disease Implications and Therapeutic Strategy
		4.1 Cancer Prevention
		4.2 Radiology and Medical Imaging
		4.3 COVID-19 Pandemic
		4.4 Drugs Discovery
		4.5 Psychiatry
	5 Conclusion
	References
24 Artificial Intelligence in the Medical Context: Who is the Agent in Charge?
	1 Introduction
	2 The Medical Decision-Making
		2.1 Medical Decision-Making and AI
		2.2 AI and Natural Intelligence: A Couple of Dances
	3 A Theoretical Approach to AI as a Tool: The Wrong Starting Point
		3.1 ANN and Structural Opacity
		3.2 A Problem of Control
	4 AI as an Agent
		4.1 Moral Agent
		4.2 Responsibility for AI
		4.3 Functional Responsibility and Control
	5 Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	References
25 Ethical Deliberation on AI-Based Medicine
	1 Introduction
	2 Core Ethical Principles
		2.1 Respect for Autonomy
		2.2 Non-maleficence “First Do not Harm” and Beneficence
		2.3 Justice: Distribute Health Resources Fairly
	3 Privacy and Confidentiality
	4 Human Communication
		4.1 Emotions in Human Communication
			4.1.1 Pity
			4.1.2 Sympathy
			4.1.3 Empathy
		4.2 Models of Doctor-Patient Communication
			4.2.1 Recognition
			4.2.2 Exploration
			4.2.3 Therapeutic action
	5 AI and Medicine
		5.1 Human Versus AI
			5.1.1 Emotions
				Human
				Artificial intelligence
			5.1.2 Occupational burnout
			5.1.3 Data management
	6 Challenges of AI
		6.1 Autonomy and Trust Issues
		6.2 Ethics, Beneficence, and Non-maleficence
		6.3 Transparency and Accountability
		6.4 Data Privacy
		6.5 Doctor-Patient Relationship
	7 Conclusion
	References
26 Toward an Integrative and Holistic Approach to the Discipline of Health Informatics
	1 Introduction
	2 What is Health Informatics?
	3 Toward a Framework for Development of the Academic Discipline of Health Informatics
	4 Application of the Framework: The Health Informatics Curriculum at the School of Health Information Science
		4.1 Health Sciences
		4.2 Information and Computer Science
		4.3 Management Science
		4.4 Decision Science and data Science
	5 Future Directions for Health Informatics as an Integrative Discipline
	6 Conclusion
	References
27 Integrated, Multidisciplinary, and Interdisciplinary Medical Education
	1 Introduction
	2 Considering Human Beings as an Integration of Different Dimensions in the Horizontal Axis (From Physical to Spiritual)
	3 Vertical Integration of Medical Education (From Basic Sciences to Clinical Sciences)
	4 Multidisciplinary and Interdisciplinary Medical Education (Horizontal Integration)
	5 Integration of All: Spiral Integration
	6 Integrated Medical Education Models
		6.1 Self-learning Modules (SLMs)
		6.2 Problem-Based Learning (PBL)
		6.3 Competency-Based Education (CBE)
	7 Experiences of Medical Universities in Running Integrated Programs
	8 Conclusion
	References
28 Giving Voice to Social Values in Achieving Universal Health Coverage
	1 Introduction
		1.1 The Social Construction of Health and Illness
		1.2 The Healthy Lifestyles
		1.3 The Social Determinants of Health (SDH)
	2 Why Social Issues Matter to UHC
		2.1 Health and Well-Being as a Human Right
		2.2 Equity as a Core Principle
		2.3 Community Participation
		2.4 Progressive Universalism
		2.5 Theory of Change
		2.6 Investment in Society
	3 How Social Values Should Address for Achieving UHC
		3.1 International Level
			3.1.1 Strong Global Partnerships
			3.1.2 Global Health Governance and Finance
		3.2 National Level
			3.2.1 Alleviation of Any Form of Oppression
			3.2.2 The Dominance of Community Empowerment
		3.3 Health System Level
			3.3.1 Decent Governance
			3.3.2 Skilled Health Workforce
		3.4 Service Delivery Level: Considering Common Goods for Health
	4 Conclusion
	References
29 Discrimination in Medical Research Sampling: Recommendations and Applications to Psychology
	1 Introduction
	2 The AMA Ethics Code
		2.1 Background
		2.2 The AMA Ethics Code’s Research Chapter
		2.3 Required Revisions Related to Medical Research Sampling
		2.4 Recent Literature Review on Discrimination in Medical Research Sampling
		2.5 Medical Ethics
		2.6 Biased Sampling in Medical Research
			2.6.1 Gender Bias
			2.6.2 Elderly Bias
			2.6.3 Racial Bias
			2.6.4 Vulnerable Group Bias
		2.7 SES Bias
	3 Ethics
	4 Conclusion
	References
30 Integrated Science 2050: Multidisciplinarity and Interdisciplinarity in Health
	1 Introduction
	2 ID Cognitive Neuroscience
		2.1 Neurophysics: The Understanding of Consciousness
		2.2 Neuroaesthetics: The Understanding of Aesthetic Experience
		2.3 Neurobehavioral Health: The Distinction of Healthy From Unhealthy Behaviors
			2.3.1 Aging
			2.3.2 Psychiatric Symptoms
			2.3.3 Obesity
		2.4 Neuropsychology
			2.4.1 The Understanding of Empathy
			2.4.2 The Understanding of Social Diversity
	3 Integrated ID in Health and Medical Sciences
		3.1 Global Epidemics
		3.2 Nuclear Medicine
		3.3 Dentistry
		3.4 Medical Education
		3.5 Sociomedical Sciences
		3.6 Medical Ethics
		3.7 Health Informatics
		3.8 Drug Discovery
	4 AI-Based Integrated ID
		4.1 AI and Health
		4.2 AI and Personalized Medicine
		4.3 AI Trends
		4.4 Dilemma Questions
			4.4.1 Human Being Philosophy
			4.4.2 Ethics
	5 Art-Based Integrated ID
	6 Conclusion
	References
Index