Multicultural and Interreligious Perspectives on the Ethics of Human Reproduction: Protecting Future Generations (Religion and Human Rights, 9)

Acknowledgement
Introduction
Some Comments on the Overall Project
Reflections on Our Intellectual Processes
Religions/Traditions, Convergence, and Rights Discourse
The Papers
	Part I Asian Traditions: Buddhism
	Part II Asian Traditions: Confucianism
	Part III Asian Traditions: Hinduism
	Part IV Monotheistic Traditions: Christianity
	Part V Monotheistic Traditions: Islam
	Part VI Monotheistic Traditions: Judaism
	Part VII Secular Perspectives
References
Contents
About the Authors
The Ethical Challenges of Radical Innovations in Assisted Reproduction
	Introduction
	What Is a ‘Radical Innovation’ in Assisted Reproduction?
	What Do We Mean When We Say ‘Parent’?
	What Is the Significance of Genetic Relatedness, and How Should We Think About the Offspring’s Genetic Constitution?
	The Safety and Costs of Radical Innovations in Assisted Reproduction
	Conclusion
	References
Social, Ethical, and Jewish Law Dilemmas Regarding ART
	Embryo Dilution
	Mother’s Age
	Surrogacy
	Ovum Donation
	The Use of Ovum Donation and Surrogacy in Same-Sex Couples
	Pre-implantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD)
	Gender Selection Through PGD
	Fertility Preservation
	References
Catholic Approaches to Procreation and Infertility
	Introduction
	ART vs. Assisted Natural Procreative Processes
	Catholic Perspective on Procreation
	Comparison Between IVF and NPT
	Conclusion
	References
Protecting Future Generations: A Global Approach in a Pluralistic World
	Introduction
	ART and the Impact on Future Generations from a Multicultural Perspective
	Human Reproduction and the Value of Parenthood: Where Does Surrogacy Stand?
	Prenatal Testing and Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis
	Conclusion
	References
Part I: Asian Traditions: Buddhism
	Motherhood and Reproduction: ART from a Buddhist Perspective
		Introduction: Womanhood and Motherhood
		ART: Motherhood as a Choice?
		PNT, AID and Selective Reproduction
		Maternal Surrogacy
		Article 16, the UNESCO Declaration
		References
	Buddhist Perspectives on Gestational Surrogacy
		References
	On Reproduction and Motherhood in the Era of ART
		Introduction
		Womanhood and Motherhood Between Patriarchy and Religions
		Ethical and Social Issues Raised by ART from a Buddhist Perspective
			The Use of Third-Party Donor Eggs and Sperm
			Sex Selection
			Being a Mother in Postmodern Societies
		Maternal Surrogacy: ART for Procreation at Any Cost?
		Final Comments
		References
Part II: Asian Traditions: Confucianism
	A Confucian Reasoning on Two Controversial Issues in Reproduction
		Introduction
		The Confucian Perspective?
		The Importance of Reproduction
		Yarns, Warps, and the Moral Fabric
		Confucian Considerations for Prenatal Testing and Maternal Surrogacy
		Conclusions
		References
	A Confucian Reflection on Reproduction and PGD/PGS
		The Foundation of Confucian Virtue Ethics
		PGD/PGS and Genetic Enhancement
		Concluding Remarks
		References
	Catholic Response to Confucian Reasoning on Reproductive Ethical Dilemmas
		Introduction
		Confucian Perspective on Reproductive Dilemmas
		The Catholic Response to Reproductive Dilemmas
		The Catholic Response to Surrogacy
		The Catholic Response to PNT and PGD
		Conclusion
		References
Part III: Asian Traditions: Hinduism
	Assisted Reproductive Technology: Challenges and Values—Global Milieu and a Journey Through Hinduism
		Introduction
		The Hindu Thought
			Cosmic Oneness
			Eternity and Rebirth
			Dharma
			Karma and Non-attachment
			One Human Family
			Universal Wellbeing
			Beneficence
			Self-Determination
			Open-Mindedness
		Reproduction in Ancient Hinduism
			Moral Status of the Human Embryo
			Duty to Reproduce
			Assisted Reproductive Practices in Ancient India
				Niyoga (Surrogate Fatherhood)
				Surrogacy by Fetal Transfer
				Extra-Uterine Births or Cloning
				Parthenogenesis
		Discussion
		Conclusion
		References
	Liberation (Moksha), Everyday Hinduism and Assisted Reproductive Technology
		The Textual Traditions
		The Classical Indian Tradition (CIT)
		Kishore’s Hinduism
			Textual References
			Analysis of Kishore’s Choice of Texts
			More on the CIT – A Map of Reality
		Purusartha, Political Order, Ethics, and Bioethics
		Moral Status of the Human Embryo, Part I
		The Moral Status of the Embryo, Part II
		Conclusions
		References
	Unanswered Questions: A Catholic Response
		Introduction and Preliminary Reflections
		The Moral Status and Dignity of the Human Embryo
		Duty to Reproduce
		Application of the Principles in Hinduism
		Conclusion
		References
Part IV: Monotheistic Traditions: Christianity
	ART and Implications on Future Generations from the Christian/Catholic Perspective
		General Religious and Ethical Principles from the Christian Perspective on ART
			Human Generation as a Value
			The Intrinsic Dignity of the Embryo
			The Value of the Natural Family
		Prenatal Testing and Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis
			General Ethical Principles and Values at Stake
			Specific Questions
		Surrogate Motherhood
			Specific Questions
		References
	An Orthodox Christian Perspective on Assisted Reproduction
		An Orthodox Perspective on Assisted-Reproduction
		References
	Response to the Catholic Position on ART
		Section 1: Catholic Principles Relevant to Conception and Birth
		Sections 2 and 3 of Palazzani’s Paper
		Responding from a ‘Secular Non-religious’ Perspective
		Potential Reconciliation
			Practice
			Casuistry
			Case Study
		Benefits of IVF and Surrogacy
		Finding an Accommodation
		An Addendum
		References
Part V: Monotheistic Traditions: Islam
	Producing Parenthood: Islamic Juridical Perspectives & Theological Implications
		Introduction
		Islamic Perspectives on Biomedical Solutions for Clinical Infertility
			The Importance of Family and Protection of Progeny in Islam
			Treating Infertility
				Sperm Donation
				Ova Donation
				Gestational Surrogacy
				Uterus Transplantation
				The Two Wives Scenario
			Summary: Parenthood in Sunni Ethico-Legal Rulings
		Discussion
			Genes, Gestation, Rearing and Islamic Normativity
			The Preservation and Confusion of Lineage
			Social Imaginaries, Empirical Data, and Constructing Islamic Bioethics
		References
	Muslim Jurists Revisiting “Paternity” & “Maternity” in the Age of ART
		Introductory Remarks
		Pre-ART Perception of Paternity and Maternity
			Firāsh- (Wedlock-)Based Kinship
			Biological Kinship
		Post-ART Perception of Paternity and Maternity
			Absolute Rejectionists
			Critical Accommodationists
		References
	What Kind of Parenthood Do We Want to Create?
		Redefining Parenthood
		Ectoparenthood?
		References
Part VI: Monotheistic Traditions: Judaism
	Is It Better Not to Be Born?
		The Intriguing Debate
		The Metaphysical Interpretation
		The Moral Interpretation
		The Existential Interpretation
		The Resolution of the Aporia
		Implications for the Ethics of Reproduction
		References
	Preferring Existence
		References
	Soul, Existence and Hope
		Metaphysics of the Soul and Christian Soteriology
		Existential Question
		Control vs. Hope
		References
Part VII: Secular Perspectives
	Cool Cynics, Indifferent Relativists and Affective Opposition: Secular Approaches to Protecting Future Generations
		Introduction
		Impact of the Life Sciences
		Human Dignity and the Human Genome
		Intergenerational Respect
		Transgenerational Transformations
		Elements of a Secular Response to the Three Mischiefs
		Conclusion
		References
	Parenthood, Repro-Genetics, and Justice
		Having Children: Justice Considerations
		Having ‘Healthy’ Children: Justice Considerations
		Having Genetically Related Children: Justice Considerations
		Conclusion
		References
	Human Dignity and Personhood
		Introduction
		Human Rights and Human Dignity
		Some Ethical Questions About Reprogenetics
		References
	Lessons Learnt
		Introduction
		Kinship and Lineage
		Justice and Human Dignity
		Religious Ethics: Science and Myths, Legalism or Laxism
		Conclusion
		References
Index