Multiband integrated antennas for 4G terminals

Multiband Integrated Antennas for 4G Terminals......Page 2
Contents......Page 8
Foreword......Page 12
Preface......Page 14
1.1 Introduction......Page 18
1.2 The Definition of Electrically Small......Page 19
1.3.1 Impedance, Efficiency, VSWR, and Gain......Page 20
1.3.2 Bandwidth and Quality Factor (Q)......Page 23
1.4 Fundamental Limits of Small Antennas......Page 27
1.5 Special Considerations for Integrated Multiband Antennas......Page 29
1.6.1 The Monopole Antenna......Page 33
1.6.2 The Inverted-L Antenna......Page 34
1.6.3 The Inverted-F and Planar Inverted-F Antennas......Page 35
1.7 Finite Ground Plane Effects on Small Antenna Performance......Page 39
References......Page 47
2.1.1 Frequencies and Systems......Page 50
2.2 Multiband Techniques......Page 53
2.2.1 Radiating and Balanced Mode Theory......Page 54
2.2.2 Analysis of PIFA Slots......Page 58
2.2.3 Analysis of PIFA Shorting Pins......Page 60
2.3 Multisystem Techniques......Page 62
References......Page 69
3.1 Introduction......Page 70
3.2 Multiband Planar Monopole Antennas......Page 76
3.2.2 CPW-Fed Dual-Band Monopole Antenna......Page 77
3.2.3 Meandered CPW-Fed Multiband Monopole Antenna......Page 79
3.3.1 Modified Double Inverted-L Antenna for Multiband Operation......Page 80
3.3.2 Inverted-L Antenna with a Parasitic Element for Dual-Band Operation......Page 84
3.4.1 Spiraled Inverted-F Antenna for Dual-Band Operation......Page 85
3.4.2 Coupling Dual-Band Inverted-F Antenna......Page 88
3.4.3 Inverted-FL Antennas with a Parasitic Inverted-L Element for Bandwidth Enhancement......Page 91
3.5.1 Single T-Shaped Antenna for Multiband Operation......Page 92
3.5.2 Double T-Shaped Antenna for Dual-Band Operation......Page 94
3.5.3 T-Shaped Antenna with a Parasitic Inverted-L Element for Bandwidth Improvement......Page 95
3.6 Meandered Multiband Antennas......Page 96
3.6.1 A Nonuniform Meandered Antenna with a Forked Ground Plane For Multiband Operation......Page 97
3.6.2 A Compact Multiband Meandered Planar Antenna......Page 99
3.7 M-Shaped Planar Monopole for Multiband Operation......Page 100
3.8.1 Broadband Two-Strip Antenna......Page 102
3.8.2 Broadband/Dual-Frequency Two-Strip Antenna......Page 106
3.9 Conclusions......Page 109
References......Page 110
4.1.1 Brief Background on Fractal Geometry......Page 112
4.1.2 Fractals in Nature......Page 114
4.1.3 Prefractals: Truncating a Fractal to Useable Complexity......Page 116
4.1.4 How Fractals Can Be Used as Antennas and Why Fractals Are Space- Filling Geometries......Page 117
4.1.5 The Fractal Dimensions of Box Counting, Hausdorff, and Similarity......Page 118
4.2.1 Iterated Function Schemes: The Language of Fractals......Page 126
4.2.2 Self-Affine Sets......Page 129
4.3 Deterministic Fractals as Antennas......Page 130
4.3.1 Fractals as Wire Antenna Elements......Page 131
4.3.2 Fractal Patch Elements......Page 142
4.3.3 Circularly Polarized Microstrip Fractal Antennas......Page 155
4.4 Fractal Arrays and Fractal Volume Antennas......Page 158
4.4.1 Multiband Fractal Arrays......Page 160
References......Page 164
5.1 Design Considerations for Integrated Multiband Handset Antennas......Page 168
5.1.1 Hearing Aid Compatible Handsets......Page 169
5.2.1 Effect of the Size of the Chassis......Page 170
5.2.2 Effect of the Handset Components......Page 174
5.3 Modal Analysis......Page 181
5.3.1 The Theory of Characteristic Modes......Page 182
5.3.2 Practical Applications......Page 189
References......Page 199
6.1 Introduction......Page 204
6.2 Design Considerations for MIMO Systems......Page 205
6.2.1 Diversity Techniques......Page 207
6.3 MIMO Techniques in a Handset......Page 215
6.3.1 Effect of Antenna Efficiency......Page 216
6.3.2 Effect of User Presence......Page 229
6.3.3 Effect of Antenna Correlation......Page 236
6.4 Combined Diversity Techniques for Optimum Handset MIMO Performance......Page 240
References......Page 246
7.1 Introduction......Page 252
7.2 Antenna Efficiency......Page 258
7.2.2 How to Obtain the Antenna Efficiency......Page 259
7.2.3 Conductive Cable Problem......Page 260
7.2.4 Total Radiated Power and Total Isotropic Sensitivity......Page 263
7.3 User Influence......Page 264
7.3.1 Experimental Setup......Page 265
7.3.2 Repeatability Test......Page 268
7.3.3 Variation Due to Different Users......Page 269
7.3.4 Influence of Hand Position......Page 271
7.3.5 Summary......Page 274
7.4 Mean Effective Gain......Page 275
7.4.1 Power Distribution Models......Page 277
7.4.2 Single Antenna......Page 283
7.4.3 Multiple Antennas......Page 291
7.5 Standard Measurement Setup Using Phantoms......Page 298
7.5.1 Setup for Measurements of Mobile Handset Radiation Patterns......Page 299
7.5.3 Errors Due to Insufficient Sampling Density of Radiation Pattern......Page 301
7.5.4 Investigation of Phantom Type Influence on Performance......Page 302
7.5.5 Uncertainty Due to Incorrect Handset Positioning on Phantom......Page 305
References......Page 309
List of Acronyms......Page 312
About the Editor......Page 316
About the Authors......Page 318
Index......Page 324