Mud Volcanoes of the Black Sea Region and their Environmental Significance

Foreword
	References
Preface
	References
Contents
About the Authors
1: History of the Geological Study of Mud Volcanoes in the Black Sea Region
	1.1	 Ancient Times
	1.2	 Late Eighteenth to Nineteenth Centuries
	1.3	 Early Twentieth Century
	1.4	 Post World War II
	1.5	 Mud Volcanoes as Sources of Mineral Ores
	1.6	 Modern Geological Studies of Mud Volcanoes
	References
2: Study Area
	References
3: Materials and Methods
	References
4: Modern Ideas About Mud Volcanism
	4.1	 General Remarks
	4.2	 Structure of the Eruptive Channel of Mud Volcanoes
	4.3	 The Scale and Composition of Gases Released by Mud Volcanoes
	4.4	 Water from Mud Volcanoes
	4.5	 Mud Volcanic Breccia
	4.6	 Clastic Material
	4.7	 Accessory Mineralization
	References
5: Accompanying Mud Volcanic Structures
	References
6: Mud Volcanoes of the Black Sea Region
	6.1	 Geological Characteristics of Mud Volcanism in the Black Sea Region
	6.2	 Mud Volcanoes of the Kerch Peninsula
	6.3	 Mud Volcanoes of the Taman Peninsula and the Northwestern Caucasus
	6.4	 Mud Volcanoes of the Black Sea
	6.5	 Mud Volcanoes of the Northwestern Part of the Black Sea
	6.6	 Mud Volcanoes of the Western Black Sea Depression
	6.7	 Mud Volcanoes of the Eastern Black Sea Depression
	6.8	 Mud Volcanoes of the Sorokin Trough
	6.9	 Mud Volcanoes of the Kerch-Taman Shelf and Continental Slope
	6.10	 Mud Volcanoes of the Kerch Strait and the Sea of Azov
	6.11	 Mud Volcanoes of the Tuapse Trough and Shatskiy Ridge
	6.12	 Mud Volcanoes of Other Sectors of the Black Sea
	References
7: Other Types of Degassing in the Black Sea
	7.1	 Gas Seeps of the Northwestern Part of the Black Sea
	7.2	 Gas Seeps of the Crimean Shelf and Continental Slope
	7.3	 Gas Seeps of the Kerch-Taman Shelf and Continental Slope
	7.4	 Gas Seeps of the Caucasian Part of the Black Sea
	7.5	 Gas Seeps of the Bulgarian Part of the Black Sea
	7.6	 Gas Seeps of the Sea of Azov
	7.7	 Regularities in the Distribution of Gas Seepages
	References
8: Origin of Mud Volcanoes
	8.1	 General Remarks
	8.2	 Roots of Black Sea Mud Volcanoes
	8.3	 General Features of Fluidogenic Mineralization in the Mud Volcanic Process
	8.4	 Genetic Types of Mud Volcanoes
	8.5	 Fluidogenic Mineralization of the Western Black Sea Mud Volcanoes
	8.6	 Fluidogenic Mineralization of the Kerch-Taman Mud Volcanoes
	8.7	 Fluidogenic Mineralization of the North Caucasus Mud Volcanoes
	8.8	 Development of the Mud Volcanic Process
	8.9	 Mineralization in the Mud Volcanic Process
		8.9.1	 Statement of the Problem and the Origin of Authigenic Minerals in the Mud Volcanic Process
		8.9.2	 Genesis and Chemical Environment of Mineralization in Mud Volcanoes
		8.9.3	 Parageneses of Autogenous Minerals of the Black Sea Mud Volcanoes
	8.10	 Conclusions
	References
9: Mud Volcanism and Mineral Resources
	9.1	 Onshore and Offshore Mud Volcanoes as Possible Indicators of Petroleum and Gas Resources
	9.2	 Submarine Mud Volcanoes as Search Indicators for Methane Gas Hydrates in the Black Sea
	9.3	 Mud Volcanism and Iron Ore Deposits
	9.4	 Mud Volcanism and Mining of Chemical Raw Materials
	9.5	 Mud Volcanism and Sulfur Mineralization
	9.6	 Mud Volcanism and Building Materials
	9.7	 Mud Volcanic Breccia as Mineral Raw Material
		9.7.1	 Mud Volcanic Breccia as Raw Material for Expanded Clay
		9.7.2	 Mud Volcanic Clay as Raw Material for the Production of Metallurgical Pellets
		9.7.3	 The Recreational Value of Mud Volcanoes
	References
10: The Hazardous Nature of Mud Volcanoes
	10.1	 The Hazards of Terrestrial Mud Volcanoes
	10.2	 The Hazards of Marine Mud Volcanoes
	References
11: Black Sea Methane and Marine Biota (Case Study)
	11.1	 Introduction
	11.2	 Study Area
	11.3	 Geomorphological and Tectonic Settings
	11.4	 Materials and Methods
	11.5	 Results
		11.5.1	 Physicochemical Characteristics of Bottom Water
		11.5.2	 Lithological and Mineralogical Characteristics of Bottom Sediments
		11.5.3	 Geochemical Parameters of Bottom Sediments
	11.6	 Meiobenthos of Methane Biotopes in the Black Sea
		11.6.1	 Foraminifera
		11.6.2	 Nematoda
		11.6.3	 Ostracoda
	11.7	 Correlation of Biotic and Abiotic Parameters
	11.8	 Discussion
	11.9	 Conclusions
	Appendices
		Appendix 1: Taxonomic List of Foraminifera
		Appendix 2: Taxonomic List of Ostracoda
		Appendix 3: Taxonomic List of Nematoda
	References
Correction to: Mud Volcanoes of the Black Sea Region and their Environmental Significance
	Correction to: E. Shnyukov, V. Yanko-Hombach, Mud Volcanoes of the Black Sea Region and their Environmental Significance, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-40316-4
Main Conclusions
	Acknowledgments
Index