Mt. Etna: Volcano Laboratory

Mt. Etna: Volcano Laboratory......Page 3
Copyright......Page 4
CONTENTS......Page 5
DEDICATION......Page 7
PREFACE......Page 8
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS......Page 10
INTRODUCTION......Page 11
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 13
2. HISTORY OF THE DOCUMENTATION OFVOLCANIC ACTIVITY......Page 14
3. METHODOLOGY OF COMPILATION......Page 16
4. EV ENTS COMPILED......Page 17
5. CONCLUSION......Page 18
REFERENCES......Page 36
2. GEODYNAMIC FRAMEWORK......Page 40
3.1. General Interpretations......Page 42
3. 2. " Rift Zones " and Volcano-tectonic Lineaments......Page 43
3.4. A New Meaning for the Etnean " Rift Zones "......Page 44
4.1. Deformations Near Etna......Page 45
4.2. Deformations of the Etnean edifice......Page 48
5.2 Stress Fields and Eruptions......Page 52
6. DISCUSSION......Page 53
REFERENCES......Page 55
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 59
1.2 Geological Background of Etna Volcano......Page 60
2.1 The Basal Succession......Page 63
2.2 Valle del Bove volcanic centers......Page 65
2.3 The Stratovolcano......Page 67
3. GEOLOGICAL EVOLUTION......Page 68
4. DISCUSSION......Page 69
REFERENCES......Page 71
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 74
2. THE VALLE DEL BOVE COLLAPSE......Page 76
3. THE VALLE DEL BOVE VOLUME......Page 78
4. THE MODEL......Page 80
REFERENCES......Page 82
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 85
Unit A......Page 87
Unit B......Page 88
UnitD......Page 90
Unit E......Page 92
3. THE EXPLOSIVE ACTIVITY IN THE GEOLOGICALHISTORY OF ETNA......Page 93
5. CONCLUSIVE CONSIDERATIONS......Page 95
REFERENCES......Page 96
1. INTRODUCTION ANDHISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE......Page 98
2.1 Basal Tholeiitic Phase......Page 99
2.2 Timpe Phase......Page 100
2.3 Valle del Bove Volcanoes......Page 104
2.4 The Strato-volcanoes......Page 105
3. PETROLOGICAL DATA FOR INVESTIGATINGMAGMATIC PROCESSES......Page 107
3.2 The Source Zone......Page 108
3.3 The Intermediate Zone......Page 110
3.4 The shallow zone......Page 111
REFERENCES......Page 114
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 118
2.2. FTIR Measurements of S02, HCl and HF Plume Concentrations......Page 120
2.3. Monitoring of C02 Soil Emanations......Page 122
3.1. SO2 Plume Flux......Page 123
3.2. S02, HCl and HF Plume Contents and Halogen Fluxes......Page 127
3.3. CO2 Soil Degassing......Page 128
3.4. Interpretation of Magma Degassing Processes at Mt. Etna......Page 131
4. CONCLUSIONS......Page 132
REFERENCES......Page 133
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 136
2.1. Tectonic and Structural Setting......Page 137
2.2. Hydrogeological System......Page 138
3.1. Magmatic Gases and Plume Emissions......Page 139
3.3. Low Temperature Gas Manifestations......Page 140
3.4. Diffuse Soil Degassing......Page 141
3.5. Groundwater Chemistry......Page 143
4.2. Helium......Page 145
5. TEMPORAL CHANGES AND RELATIONSHIPSWITH VOLCANIC ACTIVITY......Page 146
6. DISCUSSION: A GEOCHEMICAL MODEL FORMOUNT ETNA VOLCANO......Page 148
REFERENCES......Page 150
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 153
2. SEISMIC NETWORK, DATA ACQUISITION AND PROCESSING......Page 154
3.1. Volcano-Tectonic earthquakes......Page 155
3.2. Seismic manifestations of fluid dynamics......Page 157
4. MAIN FEATURES OF VOLCANO-TECTONIC SEISMICITY IN THE LAST 30 YEARS......Page 159
4.1. First decade of observations 1978-1987......Page 161
4.2. Recent seismicity and eruptive activity 1988-2001......Page 162
5. STRESS AND STRAIN PATTERNS......Page 163
6.1. Seismic activity during intrusive processes......Page 166
REFERENCES......Page 168
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 172
2. VOLCANO-TECTONIC EARTHQUAKE FEATURES......Page 173
3. AN OVERVIEW OF SEISMIC INSTRUMENTS AND DATA QUALITY AT MT. ETNA......Page 174
4. TECTONICS AND FAULTS AT MT. ETNA......Page 176
5. FAULTING MECHANISMS FROM FAULT PLANE SOLUTIONS......Page 179
6.1. Attenuation Effects......Page 181
7. FAULTING PROCESSES AND SOURCE PARAMETERS AT MT. ETNA B Y FREQUENCY AND TIME DOMAIN ANALYSIS......Page 183
7.1. Seismic Moment and Fault Dimensions From Amplitude Spectra......Page 184
7.2. Source Scaling of Microearthquakes at Mt. Etna From Time Domain Analysis......Page 186
7.3 Faulting Processes: High-Speed Rupture and Nucleation Phase......Page 188
8. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 189
REFERENCES......Page 191
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 195
2. THE MT. ETNA VELOCITY STRUCTURE......Page 196
2.2. Tomographic studies at Mt. Etna: An overview......Page 197
4. 3-D EARTHQUAKE LOCATIONS B Y A NEWMT. ETNA TOMOGRAPHIC MODEL......Page 200
5. A TENTATIVE SCHEME FOR MT. ETNAPLUMBING SYSTEM......Page 202
REFERENCES......Page 206
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 209
2.2. Long-Term Seismicity......Page 211
2.3. Earthquake Surface Faulting......Page 217
2.4. Fault Creep......Page 218
3. ACTIVE FAULT MAP......Page 219
5. CONCLUSIONS......Page 221
REFERENCES......Page 223
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 225
3.1. Data acquisition and reduction......Page 228
3.3. Gravity changes associated with the 1991-93 eruption......Page 231
3.4. Gravity changes during the 1994-1996 period......Page 233
4.1. Continuously recording Etna stations......Page 237
4.2. Data presentation and analysis......Page 238
4.3. Data reduction......Page 239
5. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 240
REFERENCES......Page 242
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 245
2.1 - MADAP: Magnetic Data Processing......Page 247
2.2 - VMM: Volcanomagnetic Modeling......Page 249
3. THE 1981 FISSURE ERUPTION......Page 250
4. THE 1989 MAGMATIC INTRUSION......Page 253
5. THE 1995 EXPLOSIVE ACTIVITY......Page 259
6. THE 2001 FLANK ERUPTION......Page 262
REFERENCES......Page 264
INTRODUCTION......Page 267
MAGNETIC STRATIGRAPHY STUDIES......Page 268
ANALYSIS AND RESULTS......Page 271
CONCLUSION......Page 273
REFERENCES......Page 274
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 276
3. GRAVITY TOMOGRAPHY......Page 277
3.1. Outline of the GR Probability Tomography Method......Page 278
4. DIPOLE GEOELECTRIC TOMOGRAPHY......Page 279
4.2. The DG 3D Probability Tomography of Mount Etna......Page 281
5.2. MT Data Interpretation......Page 285
6.1. MT Versus SE: the Etnean Deep Crustal Structure......Page 289
7. A MODEL OF THE MOUNT ETNA FEEDING SYSTEM......Page 290
8. IMPEDIVITY ANALYSIS AND VOLCANOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS......Page 291
REFERENCES......Page 292
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 295
2.1 The 1981 Eruption......Page 297
2.2 The 1983 Eruption......Page 298
2.3 The 1989 Eruption......Page 299
2.5 The July-August 2001 eruption......Page 300
3. FEEDER DIKES MECHANISM......Page 301
4. INTERMEDIATE STORAGE CONSTRAINTS FROM GROUND DEFORMATION......Page 302
5. CONCLUSIONS......Page 305
REFERENCES......Page 306
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 309
2.1.Instrument and installations......Page 311
2.2. Coherence and temperature effects......Page 312
2.3. Sensor calibration......Page 313
3. TILT ASSOCIATED WITH RECENT ERUPTIONS AND ITS CONTRIBUTION TO MODELING......Page 314
4. SEISMIC AND ASEISMIC IMPULSIVE TILT......Page 315
4.1. Coseismic variations......Page 317
5. NEW TECHNOLOGY FOR HIGH PRECISION TILTMETERS......Page 318
REFERENCES......Page 320
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 323
2. NETWORK STRUCTURE......Page 325
2.1 The Reference Frame......Page 328
3. CAMPAIGNS......Page 330
4. DATA PROCESSING......Page 332
5. GROUND DEFORMATION PATTERN HISTORY ASSESSMENT......Page 333
5.1 Motion With Respect to the Geodynamic Framework......Page 334
5.2 Deformation at the Scale of the Volcano......Page 335
5.3 Deformation at the Local Scale......Page 340
6. CONCLUSIONS......Page 341
REFERENCES......Page 342
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 344
2. CELLULAR AUTOMATA FOR LAVA FLOWS......Page 345
2.1 The Transition Function x......Page 346
3. SIMULATIONS......Page 348
4. CONCLUSIONS......Page 354
REFERENCES......Page 356
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 358
3.1 May 1983: The First Attempt at Diverting a Lava Flow on Mt. Etna......Page 359
3.2 The Lava Diversion Experiment......Page 361
3.3 The Earth Movement Works......Page 362
4.1. The 1991-1993 Eruption......Page 363
4.3. The Lava Diversion......Page 364
5.1. The 2001 Earthen Barriers......Page 365
6. CONCLUSIONS......Page 368
REFERENCES......Page 369