Moving Out of Poverty Volume 4: Rising from the Ashes of Conflict

Contents......Page 9
Foreword......Page 17
Study Team and Acknowledgments......Page 19
Contributors......Page 23
Abbreviations......Page 27
Part 1: Building States from the Bottom Up in Conflict-Affected Countries......Page 29
1 Moving Out of Poverty in Conflict Communities......Page 30
2 First Steps: Security, Law and Order, and Legitimacy......Page 54
3 Democracy: Big “D” and Little “d”......Page 80
4 Nation Building from Below: Identity, Unity, and Civic Engagement......Page 124
5 The Economic Environment......Page 156
6 Aid Strategies: Can Chickens and Miserly Handouts Reduce Poverty?......Page 188
7 Concluding Reflections......Page 210
Part 2: Country Case Studies......Page 219
8 Violence, Forced Displacement, and Chronic Poverty in Colombia......Page 220
9 From Milkless Cows to Coconut Trees: Recovery from All-Out War in Mindanao, Philippines......Page 276
10 Disturbing the Equilibrium: Movements Out of Poverty in Conflict-Affected Areas of Indonesia......Page 318
11 Community Well-Being and Household Mobility in Postconflict Cambodia......Page 366
12 Sri Lanka: Unequal Mobility in an Ethnic Civil War......Page 404
13 Post-Taliban Recovery and the Promise of Community-Driven Development in Afghanistan......Page 446
Part 3: Technical Appendixes......Page 501
A: Researchers and Institutions Involved in Conflict Country Studies......Page 503
B: Overview of Study Methodology......Page 507
C: Data Collection Methods......Page 533
D: List of Variables for Community Regressions......Page 537
E: Weights for the PCA-Constructed Indexes......Page 541
F: Additional Tables for Part 1......Page 543
Index......Page 561
3.1 Definitions of democracy in Afghanistan and Indonesia......Page 85
5.1 Militarized dreams of young children in high-conflict La Soledad, Colombia......Page 168
8.1 Partial recovery in Villa Rosa: Alicia’s story......Page 252
8.2 Violence against Co-Agro......Page 262
11.1 Somrampi: The trap of poor governance and continued insecurity......Page 394
13.1 Lack of economic catalysts and postwar collapse in urban Shazimir......Page 468
13.2 Ramili Qali: Giving up poppy in exchange for aid......Page 475
13.3 A gender revolution, yet to come......Page 490
1.1 MOP by initial poverty level, conflict and nonconflict communities......Page 49
2.1 Trust in local government among movers and chronic poor in conflict and nonconflict communities, 1995 and 2005......Page 61
2.2 Lack of safety in conflict and nonconflict communities, 1995 and 2005......Page 64
2.3 Leading actors involved in conflict and peacemaking in Abanang, Philippines......Page 74
3.2 Democratic structures by conflict and MOP rating, 2005......Page 88
3.3 Optimism about improving conditions in the future......Page 91
3.4 Representation on local councils in conflict and nonconflict communities, 2005......Page 94
3.5 Representation on local councils by conflict and MOP rating, 2005......Page 95
3.6 Responsiveness of local leaders in conflict and nonconflict communities, 2005......Page 99
3.7 Responsiveness of local leaders by conflict and MOP rating, 2005......Page 100
3.9 Change in corruption and bribery, 1995–2005, by conflict and MOP rating......Page 102
3.10 Perceptions of democracy and civic engagement in conflict and nonconflict communities......Page 104
3.11 Formal democratic attributes by conflict rating and country income level, 2005......Page 107
3.12 Functional democratic attributes by conflict rating and country income level, 2005......Page 108
4.1 Mean number of local associations by type in conflict and nonconflict communities, 1995 and 2005......Page 143
4.8 Change in mean number of each type of local association by conflict and MOP rating, 1995–2005......Page 145
4.3 MOP by religious and ethnic heterogeneity of most important associations in conflict and nonconflict communities......Page 147
5.1 Change in economic indicators in conflict and nonconflict communities, 1995–2005......Page 160
5.2 Sources of income for movers in conflict and nonconflict communities, 1995 and 2005......Page 164
5.3 Infrastructure and access to facilities by MOP and conflict rating, 2005......Page 175
5.4 Availability of credit sources in conflict and nonconflict communities, 1995 and 2005......Page 182
6.1 Development projects in conflict and nonconflict communities, 1995–2005......Page 203
8.1 Distribution of Colombia sample households by mobility group......Page 231
8.2 Mobility outcomes in Los Rincones and La Soledad, Colombia......Page 238
8.3 Confidence ratings in public authorities and NGOs, Colombia study communities......Page 250
8.4 Average household membership in organizations, Colombia study communities......Page 257
8.5 Mobility outcomes in Santa María and El Mirador, Colombia......Page 260
8A.1 Ladder of life for El Gorrión, prepared by a women’s focus group......Page 268
10.1 Population changes in the Indonesia study communities, 1995–2005......Page 331
10.2 Changes in poverty rates in Indonesia study communities in high- and low-growth districts, 1995–2005......Page 333
10.3 Net prosperity index (NPI), moving out of poverty index (MOP), and mobility of the poor index (MPI) in the Indonesia study communities......Page 334
10.4 Satisfaction with local governance and democracy in the Indonesia study provinces, 2005......Page 344
10.5 Group membership in the Indonesia study communities, by province......Page 349
10.6 Perceived distinctions due to religion, social status, or wealth in the Indonesia study communities, by province......Page 353
11.1 Distribution of mobility groups in the Cambodia study communities......Page 374
13.1 Collapse and recovery of community well-being in Ramili Qali, Afghanistan......Page 451
13.2 Relationship of the community poverty line to the official poverty line according to focus groups of men and women, Afghanistan study communities......Page 460
13.3 Most important reasons for household downward mobility, Afghanistan study communities......Page 464
13.4 Most important reasons for household upward mobility, Afghanistan study communities......Page 471
13.5 Motivations for poppy cultivation in Afghanistan......Page 474
13.6 Shifts over 10 years in distribution of households on the community ladder of well-being, Nasher Khan and Morlaw Ghano, Afghanistan......Page 482
B.1 Factors influencing movement out of poverty in Galalolo, Indonesia......Page 510
B.2 Conceptual framework of the Moving Out of Poverty study......Page 512
B.3 Community mobility matrix from Bodolenge, Indonesia, based on male focus group discussion......Page 523
8.1 Colombia with study municipalities......Page 226
9.1 The Philippines with study municipalities......Page 284
10.1 Indonesia with study provinces......Page 323
11.1 Cambodia with study communities......Page 372
12.1 Sri Lanka with study provinces and districts......Page 412
13.1 Afghanistan with study districts......Page 452
1.1 Distribution of study communities by country and presence of conflict......Page 39
1.2 Nature of conflict over 10 years in conflict and nonconflict communities......Page 40
1.3 Summary indicators of mobility......Page 45
1.5 Mean MOP in conflict and nonconflict communities......Page 46
1.6 Mean mobility indicators in conflict and nonconflict communities......Page 47
1.7 Mean mobility indicators in conflict and nonconflict communities, by country......Page 48
3.1 Corruption and bribery in conflict and nonconflict communities, 1995 and 2005......Page 101
3.2 Levels of violence in low-income and middle-income countries, 1995 and 2005......Page 106
3.3 Regression results for conflict and peaceful communities and countries......Page 112
4.2 Religious polarization by MOP rating in conflict and nonconflict communities, 2005......Page 133
4.4 Decrease in inequality among religious and ethnic groups over 10 years, in conflict and nonconflict communities......Page 135
4.5 Trends in economic inequality and economic access over 10 years, in conflict and nonconflict communities......Page 137
4.6 Extent of disputes and involvement of youth in disputes over 10 years, in conflict and nonconflict communities......Page 141
4.7 Change in mean number of associations by type, 1995–2005, in conflict and nonconflict communities......Page 144
5.1 Indicators of general economic performance in conflict and nonconflict communities, 1995 and 2005......Page 159
5.2 Factors that led to community prosperity in conflict-affected communities in North Maluku, Indonesia......Page 171
5.3 Reasons for upward mobility of mover households in conflict and nonconflict communities......Page 174
8.2 Distribution of Colombia sample households by mobility group......Page 227
8.3 Colombia study communities ranked by mobility index......Page 232
8.4 Security conditions and trends in Colombia study communities......Page 234
8.5 Reports of armed actors and related violence in Colombia study communities......Page 236
8.6 Current and initial sources of household income in Colombia study communities......Page 244
8.7 Perceptions on the functioning of local democracy in Colombia study communities......Page 248
9.1 Economic mobility and conflict ratings in Mindanao study communities......Page 285
9.2 Ethnoreligious divisions in Mindanao study communities......Page 288
9.3 Access to infrastructure in Mindanao study communities......Page 294
9.4 Access to services in Mindanao study communities......Page 295
9.5 Perceptions of the quality of governance and democracy in Mindanao study communities......Page 302
9.6 Key characteristics of Mindanao study communities with high and low MOP......Page 313
10.1 Profile of the Indonesia study provinces......Page 324
10.3 Major ethnic and religious groups in the Indonesia study communities, 2005......Page 325
10.4 Growth, inequality, and mobility in the Indonesia study communities......Page 332
10.5 Infrastructure assistance and key factors that helped prosperity in North Maluku, Indonesia......Page 337
10.6 Infrastructure assistance and key factors that helped prosperity in East Java, Indonesia......Page 338
10.7 Most important groups and organizations in the Indonesia study communities......Page 350
11.1 Profile of Cambodia study communities......Page 371
11.2 Distribution of mobility groups in the Cambodia household sample......Page 373
11.3 Distribution of Cambodia study communities by conflict area and mobility performance......Page 376
11.4 Number of development interventions in Cambodia study communities, by conflict area, 1992–2004/05......Page 387
12.1 Conflict intensity and ethnic composition of Sri Lanka study communities......Page 411
12.2 Sample ladder of life in Kaithamavi, Sri Lanka......Page 413
12.3 Mobility outcomes of Sri Lanka study communities......Page 415
12.4 Profile of study communities, Jaffna district, Sri Lanka......Page 418
12.5 Profile of study communities, Trincomalee district, Sri Lanka......Page 424
12.6 Profile of study communities, Ampara district, Sri Lanka......Page 428
Ladder of life in Ramili Qali, Parwan province, Afghanistan......Page 455
13.2 Profile of Afghanistan study communities......Page 458
13.3 Mobility outcomes in Afghanistan study communities......Page 459
13.4 Reasons for community downward mobility, Afghanistan study communities......Page 463
13.6 Infrastructure improvements in Afghanistan study communities during the study period......Page 465
13.7 Presence of local institutions and participatory development programs in the Afghanistan study communities......Page 488
A.1 Researchers and institutions involved in conflict country studies......Page 504
B.1 Countries in the conflict study stratified by income, growth, and governance......Page 514
B.2 Choosing locations within conflict study regions......Page 516
B.3 Desired distribution of households across mobility groups in all study regions......Page 517
B.4 Ladder of life from male focus group discussions in Bodolenge, Indonesia......Page 520
C.1 Data collection methods......Page 534
D.1 List of variables for community regressions......Page 538
E.1 Weights for PCA-constructed indexes......Page 542
F.3 Democratic structures in conflict and nonconflict communities, 1995 and 2005......Page 544
F.6 Representation of all social groups on local councils, by country, 1995 and 2005......Page 545
F.7 Representation on local councils and responsiveness of local government, by country, 1995 and 2005......Page 546
F.9 Trends in religious and ethnic polarization in conflict and nonconflict communities, by country, 2005......Page 547
F.11 Government responsiveness and community safety in conflict and nonconflict communities, 1995 and 2005......Page 548
F.12 Government responsiveness and trends in service provision, 1995–2005, in conflict and nonconflict communities......Page 549
F.13 Democratic governance by conflict rating and country income level, 1995 and 2005......Page 550
F.15 Mean community MOP by presence and representativeness of village council 10 years ago, conflict countries only......Page 552
F.16 Representativeness of village council, social divisiveness, and number of local groups/associations in conflict and nonconflict communities......Page 553
F.18 Trends in participation and access to associations and networks in conflict and nonconflict communities......Page 554
F.19 Actors involved in mediating disputes as reported by movers and chronic poor, in conflict and nonconflict communities......Page 555
F.20 Actors involved in mediating disputes as reported by movers and chronic poor, by country......Page 556
F.22 MOP and number of local groups/associations by type, in conflict and nonconflict communities, 1995 and 2005......Page 557
F.24 Sources of income for movers in conflict and nonconflict communities, 1995 and 2005......Page 558
F.26 Infrastructure in conflict and nonconflict communities, 1995 and 2005......Page 559
F.27 Infrastructure by MOP rating in conflict and nonconflict communities, 1995 and 2005......Page 560