Moving Boxes by Air: The Economics of International Air Cargo

Cover......Page 1
Contents......Page 6
List of Figures......Page 10
List of Tables......Page 12
Preface......Page 16
Abbreviations......Page 20
1.1 Air Cargo Traffic Trends......Page 22
1.2 Air Cargo and the Economic Cycle......Page 31
1.3 Airport Traffic......Page 33
1.4 Hub Transhipment Traffic......Page 35
1.5 Air Cargo Traffic Variation within a Year......Page 37
1.6 Air Cargo Capacity......Page 39
2 Air Cargo Market Characteristics......Page 44
2.1 Commodities Carried......Page 46
2.2 Special Handling Items......Page 52
2.3 Humanitarian Aid......Page 56
2.4 Defence Support......Page 57
2.5 Modal Choice......Page 58
2.6 Bimodal Shipment......Page 65
3 Economic and Technical Regulation......Page 70
3.1 Licensing of Airlines......Page 71
3.2 Regulation of International Air Services......Page 76
3.3 Mail Regulation......Page 89
3.4 Future Air Cargo Liberalisation......Page 90
4.1 Introduction......Page 94
4.2 Network Carriers......Page 95
4.3 Low-Cost Carriers......Page 96
4.5 Major Domestic Carriers......Page 97
4.7 Freighter Flights of Combination Carriers......Page 98
4.8 Freighter Flights by Freight-Only Carriers......Page 101
4.9 Charter and ACMI Operators......Page 103
4.10 Air Cargo Carriers by Region......Page 105
4.11 Conclusion......Page 115
5 Supply: Integrated Carriers, Post Offices 
and Forwarders......Page 118
5.1 Courier Companies......Page 119
5.2 Integrated Carriers......Page 120
5.4 Freight Forwarders and Consolidators......Page 130
5.5 Maritime Operators......Page 136
6.1 Air Cargo Alliances......Page 138
6.2 Air Cargo Mergers and Acquisitions......Page 147
7.1 Passenger Aircraft: Lower Deck......Page 152
7.2 Freighters: Converted from Passenger Aircraft......Page 155
7.3 New Production Freighters......Page 160
7.4 ‘Combi’ and Quick Change Aircraft......Page 165
7.5 Unit Load Devices for Aircraft......Page 166
7.6 Aircraft Operations......Page 167
7.7 Future Freighters......Page 169
8 Airport and Ground Operations......Page 174
8.1 Information Flows......Page 175
8.2 Physical Facilities......Page 182
9 Distribution and Marketing......Page 194
9.1 Marketing Environment......Page 196
9.2 Air Cargo Marketing Strategies......Page 202
9.3 The Air Cargo Product......Page 204
9.5 Air Cargo Distribution......Page 207
10.1 Cargo Revenue and Yield Trends......Page 210
10.3 Air Freight Pricing......Page 213
10.4 Revenue Management......Page 221
11.1 All-Cargo Airline Costs......Page 228
11.2 Freighter Aircraft Costs by Aircraft Type......Page 239
11.3 ACMI/Wet Lease Aircraft Operating Costs......Page 245
11.4 Problems of Joint Production on Passenger Services......Page 248
12.1 Cargo Airline Profitability......Page 256
12.2 Nippon Cargo Airlines Case Study......Page 260
12.3 Federal Express Case Study......Page 268
12.4 Network Carrier Cargo Subsidiaries......Page 275
13.2 Aircraft Noise......Page 280
13.3 Air Transport’s Existing Contribution to Global CO2 Emissions......Page 286
13.4 Environmental Taxes and Charges......Page 293
13.5 Emissions Trading Schemes and Air Cargo......Page 295
13.6 Air Cargo and Food Miles......Page 300
13.7 Conclusions......Page 301
14 Air Cargo Forecasting......Page 304
14.1 Air Cargo Forecasting Approaches......Page 305
14.2 Airline Forecasts......Page 309
14.3 Airport Forecasts......Page 310
14.4 Air Traffic Management Forecasts......Page 312
14.5 Aircraft Manufacturer Forecasts......Page 313
14.6 ICAO Forecasts......Page 317
14.8 Other Industry Forecasts......Page 319
14.9 Conclusions......Page 321
15.1 Air Cargo Issues......Page 324
15.2 Air Cargo Prospects......Page 326
Definitions......Page 330
Bibliography......Page 340
Index......Page 346