Moult and Ageing of European Passerines

Cover
Half-title
Title
Copyright
Contents
Preface
Part I
	Chapter 1. The function and consequences of moult
		1.1 Functions of the plumage
		1.2 Plumage maintenance and the need for plumage renewal
			1.2.1 Feather maintenance and wear
			1.2.2 Adjustments to the plumage
		1.3 The processes and costs of moult
			1.3.1 The products and processes of moult
			1.3.2 Costs of moult
			1.3.3 Conclusions
		1.4 Environmental effects on new feather quality
		1.5 Fitting moult into the annual cycle
	Chapter 2. Terminology and methods in moult research
		2.1 Arrangement of the feathers
			2.1.1 Flight-feathers
			2.1.2 Wing-coverts
		2.2 Terminology of plumages, feather generations and moults
			2.2.1 Concepts of moult and plumage terminologies
			2.2.2 General terms
			2.2.3 Moult terms
			2.2.4 Terms for plumages, feathers and feather generations
			2.2.5 Age classes
		2.3 Recording moult, plumage and feather properties
			2.3.1 What to record: moult progress or moult intensity and of which feather tract?
			2.3.2 Scoring flight-feather moult
			2.3.3 Scoring body-feather moult
			2.3.4 Mass of feathers
			2.3.5 Quantification of feather wear
			2.3.6 Feather growth rates
			2.3.7 Physical properties of feathers and fault bars
		2.4 Analysing moult data
			2.4.1 Seasonal timing and duration (progress) of moult
			2.4.2 Moult intensity and moult speed
			2.4.3 Sequence of moult
			2.4.4 Extent of moult
	Chapter 3. The moult of adults
		3.1 Introduction to the moult strategies
		3.2 Sequence of moult
			3.2.1 Basic sequence of the complete moult
				Flight-feathers
				Body-feathers and wing-coverts
			3.2.2 Functional aspects of the basic sequence of moult
			3.2.3 Variations and exceptions to the basic moult sequence
				Primaries
				Secondaries
				Tertials
				Rectrices
				Wing-coverts
				Variation in the relationships between flight-feather tracts
		3.3 Moult strategies
			3.3.1 Complete post-breeding moult in the breeding area: Moult strategies 1 and 2
				Complete post-breeding moult in the breeding area
				Partial pre-breeding moult
			3.3.2 Complete moult in the non-breeding area: Moult strategy 3
				Partial moult before autumn migration
				Suspension of the complete moult within the non-breeding area
				Additional partial pre-breeding moult
				Conclusions
			3.3.3 Seasonally divided moult of remiges: Moult strategy 4
				Seasonally divided primary moult (moult strategy 4a)
				Seasonally divided secondary moult (moult strategies 4b and 4c)
			3.3.4 Partial and complete biannual moult of remiges: Moult strategy 5
			3.3.5 Summary and concluding remarks
		3.4 Timing and duration of the complete moult
			3.4.1 Timing and duration of the complete post-breeding moult in the breeding area
				Timing of moult
				Moult duration
			3.4.2 Moult under time constraints
				Reduction of moult duration
				Overlap between breeding and moult
				Overlap between moult and autumnal activities
				Arrested moult
				Transfer of moult to the non-breeding season
			3.4.3 Timing of moult in trans-Saharan migrants
		3.5 Summary and concluding remarks
		3.6 Summary graphs and table of the moult strategies of European passerines
	Chapter 4. The moult during the first year of life
		4.1 Introduction
		4.2 The juvenile plumage
			4.2.1 Development of the juvenile plumage and completion after fledging
			4.2.2 Structure and quality of the juvenile plumage
			4.2.3 Coloration of the juvenile plumage
		4.3 Sequence of post-juvenile moult
			4.3.1 Sequence of the complete post-juvenile moult
			4.3.2 Sequence of the partial post-juvenile moult
				General sequence
				Wing-coverts and alula
				Tertials
				Secondaries
				Rectrices
			4.3.3 Eccentric and other sequences of partial primary moults (post-juvenile and first pre-breeding)
			4.3.4 Sequence and priorities of moult
		4.4 How juveniles assume the adult moult strategies
			4.4.1 Moult strategies 1 and 2: partial (complete) post-juvenile and complete post-breeding moult in the breeding area
				Partial pre-breeding moult
			4.4.2 Moult strategies 3 and 5: complete moult in the non-breeding area
				Incomplete first pre-breeding moult
			4.4.3 Moult strategy 4: seasonally divided moult
				First partial pre-breeding moult including primaries
				First partial pre-breeding moult including secondaries
			4.4.4 Summary and concluding remarks
		4.5 Variation in extent, timing and duration of the post-juvenile moult in the breeding area
			4.5.1 Experimental evidence of control of post-juvenile moult
			4.5.2 Intraspecific variation in timing and extent of the partial post-juvenile moult
				Variation with hatching date
				Differences between populations
				Differences between the sexes and effects of energetic and nutrient stress
				Intraspecific variation in the extent of post-juvenile moult during the course of the non-breeding season and between wintering sites
			4.5.3 Interspecific variation in timing and extent of the partial post-juvenile moult
				Timing and duration
				Extent
			4.5.4 Partial post-juvenile primary moult in the breeding area
			4.5.5 Complete post-juvenile moult in the breeding area
		4.6 Summary and concluding remarks
Part II
	Chapter 5. Ageing European passerines
		5.1 Ageing criteria in live birds
		5.2 Ageing using plumage characters
			5.2.1 Recognition of juvenile feathers
				Structure and shape
				Coloration
				Wear
				Growth bars and fault bars
			5.2.2 Differences in extent of moult
			5.2.3 Differences between post-juvenile and subsequent feather generations
		5.3 General ageing criteria in European passerines based on moult
			5.3.1 Species with a complete post-juvenile moult in the first summer/autumn: Moult Type A
			5.3.2 Species with a partial post-juvenile/complete post-breeding moult in the breeding area: Moult Type B
			5.3.3 Species with a partial post-juvenile/complete post-breeding moult in the breeding area and a partial pre-breeding moult in winter/spring: Moult Type C
			5.3.4 Species with a complete moult in the non-breeding area: Moult Type D
	Chapter 6. Species accounts
		6.1 Presentation of the data and how to use it
			6.1.1 Material
			6.1.2 Relevance of the data
			6.1.3 Presentation and analysis of the data
		6.2 Procedure of ageing
			Species accounts
				Lanius collurio Red-backed Shrike
				Lanius senator Woodchat Shrike
				Lanius nubicus Masked Shrike
				Oriolus oriolus Eurasian Golden Oriole
				Garrulus glandarius Eurasian Jay
				Pica pica Eurasian Magpie
				Nucifraga caryocatactes Spotted Nutcracker
				Corvus corone Carrion Crow
				Bombycilla garrulus Bohemian Waxwing
				Periparus ater Coal Tit
				Cyanistes caeruleus Eurasian Blue Tit
				Parus major Great Tit
				Riparia riparia Sand Martin
				Hirundo rustica Barn Swallow
				Delichon urbicum Common House Martin
				Phylloscopus trochilus Willow Warbler
				Phylloscopus collybita Common Chiffchaff
				Acrocephalus schoenobaenus Sedge Warbler
				Acrocephalus scirpaceus Eurasian Reed Warbler
				Acrocephalus palustris Marsh Warbler
				Hippolais icterina Icterine Warbler
				Locustella naevia Common Grasshopper Warbler
				Locustella fluviatilis River Warbler
				Sylvia atricapilla Eurasian Blackcap
				Sylvia borin Garden Warbler
				Sylvia nisoria Barred Warbler
				Sylvia curruca Lesser Whitethroat
				Sylvia communis Common Whitethroat
				Troglodytes troglodytes Eurasian Wren
				Sitta europaea Eurasian Nuthatch
				Sturnus vulgaris Common Starling
				Turdus torquatus Ring Ouzel
				Turdus merula Common Blackbird
				Turdus pilaris Fieldfare
				Turdus iliacus Redwing
				Turdus philomelos Song Thrush
				Turdus viscivorus Mistle Thrush
				Muscicapa striata Spotted Flycatcher
				Erithacus rubecula European Robin
				Luscinia svecica Bluethroat
				Luscinia luscinia Thrush Nightingale
				Luscinia megarhynchos Common Nightingale
				Ficedula hypoleuca European Pied Flycatcher
				Phoenicurus ochruros Black Redstart
				Phoenicurus phoenicurus Common Redstart
				Saxicola rubetra Whinchat
				Oenanthe oenanthe Northern Wheatear
				Cinclus cinclus White-throated Dipper
				Passer domesticus House Sparrow
				Passer montanus Eurasian Tree Sparrow
				Prunella modularis Dunnock
				Motacilla flava Western Yellow Wagtail
				Motacilla cinerea Grey Wagtail
				Motacilla alba alba White Wagtail
				Anthus campestris Tawny Pipit
				Anthus pratensis Meadow Pipit
				Anthus trivialis Tree Pipit
				Anthus spinoletta Water Pipit
				Fringilla coelebs Common Chaffinch
				Fringilla montifringilla Brambling
				Coccothraustes coccothraustes Hawfinch
				Pyrrhula pyrrhula Eurasian Bullfinch
				Chloris chloris European Greenfinch
				Linaria cannabina Common Linnet
				Acanthis cabaret Lesser Redpoll
				Loxia curvirostra Red Crossbill
				Carduelis carduelis European Goldfinch
				Carduelis citrinella Citril Finch
				Serinus serinus European Serin
				Spinus spinus Eurasian Siskin
				Emberiza citrinella Yellowhammer
				Emberiza cia Rock Bunting
				Emberiza hortulana Ortolan Bunting
				Emberiza schoeniclus Common Reed Bunting
Appendix: The use of skull pneumatization for ageing
	The process of skull pneumatization
	Recognition of skull pneumatization
	Skull pneumatization scores
	Age determination using skull pneumatization
	Explanations of the graphs
References
Scientific names with their English, German, French, Italian and Spanish translations
Index
Quick reference key