Motor Learning and Performance From Principles to Application

Title Page
Copyright
In Memoriam
Contents
Preface
Student and Instructor Resources
Acknowledgments
Credits
1. Introduction to Motor Learning and Performance
	How Skills Are Studied
		Why Study Motor Skills?
		The Science of Motor Learning and Performance
		▶ Focus on Research 1.1 Paul M. Fitts
		Defining Skills
		▶ Focus on Research 1.2 Franklin M. Henry, Father of Motor Behavior Research
		Components of Skills
		Classifying Skills
		Measuring Skilled Performance
		Understanding Performance and Learning
		Summary
		Learning Aids
Part I: Principles of Skilled Performance
	2. Processing Information and Making Decisions
		The Mental Side of Human Performance
			The Information-Processing Approach
			▶ Focus on Application 2.1 Intent to Blow Whistle Rule in NHL
			Reaction Time and Decision Making
			▶ Focus on Research 2.1 Hick’s Law
			▶ Focus on Research 2.2 Donders’ Stages of Processing
			▶ Focus on Application 2.2 Light Switches
			▶ Focus on Research 2.3 Assessing Anticipation Skills
			Memory Systems
			▶ Focus on Application 2.3 Cost/Benefit of Anticipating in Sprint Starting
			Summary
			Learning Aids
	3. Attention and Performance
		Limitations on Information Processing
			▶ Focus on Application 3.1 William James on Attention
			What Is Attention?
			Limitations in Stimulus Identification
			▶ Focus on Research 3.1 Automatic Stimulus Processing in Basketball
			Limitations in Response Selection
			Limitations in Movement Programming
			▶ Focus on Research 3.2 Distracted-Driving Research
			▶ Focus on Research 3.3 The Double-Stimulation Paradigm
			Focus of Attention During Action
			Decision Making Under Stress
			▶ Focus on Application 3.2 Driver Panic and Unintended Acceleration
			Summary
			Learning Aids
	4. Sensory Contributions to Skilled Performance
		Feedback Processing in Motor Control
			Sources of Sensory Information
			Processing Sensory Information
			▶ Focus on Application 4.1 Force Escalation Between Siblings
			Principles of Visual Control
			▶ Focus on Research 4.1 Blindsight Reveals Dorsal and Ventral Stream Processing
			▶ Focus on Research 4.2 Gaze Control
			Audition and Motor Control
			▶ Focus on Application 4.2 Visibility in Nighttime Car–Truck Accidents
			▶ Focus on Application 4.3 When Vision Distorts Performance
			Summary
			Learning Aids
	5. Motor Programs
		Motor Control of Brief Actions
			Motor Program Theory
			Evidence for Motor Programs
			▶ Focus on Research 5.1 The Henry–Rogers Experiment
			▶ Focus on Application 5.1 Checked Swings in Baseball
			Motor Programs and the Conceptual Model
			▶ Focus on Research 5.2 Initiating a Motor Program
			Problems in Motor Program Theory: Novelty and Storage
			Generalized Motor Program Theory
			▶ Focus on Research 5.3 Invariances and Parameters
			▶ Focus on Application 5.2 Relative-Timing Fingerprints
			▶ Focus on Application 5.3 The Stereo System Analogy
			Summary
			Learning Aids
	6. Principles of Speed, Accuracy, and Timing
		Controlling Simple Movements
			Fitts’ Law
			▶ Focus on Research 6.1 The Fitts Tasks
			Schmidt’s Law
			▶ Focus on Application 6.1 Fitts’ Law in Everyday Actions
			Speed–Accuracy Trade-Off Exceptions
			Applying the Principles: Baseball Batting
			Speed of Initiating Movement
			Summary
			Learning Aids
	7. Performance of Complex Movements
		From Abilities to Coordination Dynamics
			Traditional Approaches to Studying Complex Movement
			▶ Focus on Application 7.1 The Relative-Age Effect
			Coordinating Discrete Movements
			▶ Focus on Research 7.1 Coordination in Golf Putting
			Coordinating Continuous Movements
			▶ Focus on Research 7.2 Relative Phase: An Index of Coordination
			Summary
			Learning Aids
Part II: Principles of Skill Learning
	8. Introduction to Motor Learning
		Concepts and Methods in Research and Application
			Motor Learning Defined
			How Is Motor Learning Measured?
			▶ Focus on Research 8.1 Learning Curves: Facts or Artifacts?
			Distinguishing Learning From Performance
			▶ Focus on Application 8.1 Self-Assessments of Learning
			Transfer of Learning
			Summary
			Learning Aids
	9. The Motor Learning Process
		Skill Acquisition, Retention, and Transfer
			Skill Acquisition
			▶ Focus on Research 9.1 Learning Never Ends
			▶ Focus on Application 9.1 Fitts and Bernstein on Learning to Play Ice Hockey
			Skill Retention
			▶ Focus on Research 9.2 A Constraints-Led Approach to Baseball Batting
			Skill Transfer
			Summary
			Learning Aids
	10. Organizing and Scheduling Practice
		How the Structure of Practice Influences Learning
			Motivation for Learning
			Attentional Focus
			Demonstrations and Modeling
			Mental Practice
			▶ Focus on Application 10.1 Mental Practice in Stroke Rehabilitation
			Organizing Practice and Rest Periods
			Variable and Constant Practice
			Blocked and Random Practice
			▶ Focus on Research 10.1 Especial Skills: An Exception to Variable Practice?
			Summary
			Learning Aids
	11. Augmented Feedback
		How Supplemental Feedback Influences Learning
			Feedback Classifications
			Functions of Augmented Feedback
			▶ Focus on Research 11.1 How Feedback Works
			What Feedback to Give
			How Much Feedback to Give
			Feedback Timing
			▶ Focus on Application 11.1 Physical Guidance in Stroke Rehabilitation
			▶ Focus on Application 11.2 Physical Guidance in Learning to Swim
			Summary
			Learning Aids
Glossary
References
Index
About the Authors