MOSQUITOES : identification, ecology and control.

Foreword
Preface to the Third Edition
	References
Preface to the Second Edition
	References
Preface to the First Edition
	References
Acknowledgements
Introduction
	References
Contents
Part I: General Aspects
	Chapter 1: Systematics
		References
	Chapter 2: Biology of Mosquitoes
		2.1 Oviposition
		2.2 Embryonic Development
		2.3 Hatching
		2.4 Larvae
		2.5 Pupae
		2.6 Adults
			2.6.1 Emergence
			2.6.2 Mating
			2.6.3 Dispersal and Host-Seeking Behaviour
			2.6.4 Feeding
		2.7 Survival During Dry Seasons and Hibernation
			2.7.1 Egg Stage
			2.7.2 Larval Stage
			2.7.3 Adult Stage
		References
	Chapter 3: Medical Importance of Mosquitoes
		3.1 Malaria
		3.2 Arboviruses
			3.2.1 Togaviridae (Alphavirus)
				3.2.1.1 Chikungunya Virus
				3.2.1.2 Ross River Virus
				3.2.1.3 Eastern Equine Encephalomyelitis Virus
				3.2.1.4 Western Equine Encephalomyelitis Virus
				3.2.1.5 Venezuelan Equine Encephalomyelitis Virus
				3.2.1.6 O´nyong-Nyong Virus
				3.2.1.7 The Sindbis Virus Complex
				3.2.1.8 Viruses of the Semliki Forest Complex
			3.2.2 Flaviviridae (Flavivirus)
				3.2.2.1 Yellow Fever Virus
				3.2.2.2 Dengue Virus
				3.2.2.3 Zika Virus
				3.2.2.4 West Nile Virus
				3.2.2.5 Japanese Encephalitis Virus
				3.2.2.6 Usutu Virus
			3.2.3 Bunyaviridae (Bunyavirus)
				3.2.3.1 The California Serogroup
				3.2.3.2 The Bunyamwera Complex
				3.2.3.3 The Turlock Group
		3.3 Filariasis
		3.4 Future Perspectives and Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 4: Mosquito Research Techniques
		4.1 Sampling Mosquito Eggs
			4.1.1 Anopheles Eggs
			4.1.2 Egg Rafts
			4.1.3 Aedes Eggs
			4.1.4 Eggs in Artificial Oviposition Sites
		4.2 Sampling Mosquito Larvae and Pupae
		4.3 Sampling Adult Mosquitoes in the Field
			4.3.1 Sampling Flying Mosquitoes
			4.3.2 Adult Mosquito Outdoor Resting Collections
			4.3.3 Adult Mosquito Indoor Catches
			4.3.4 Bait Catches
			4.3.5 Adult Mosquito Traps
				4.3.5.1 Carbon Dioxide-baited Light Trap
				4.3.5.2 Novel Mosquito Traps
			4.3.6 Mark-Release-Recapture Techniques
		4.4 Laboratory-Based Research Techniques
			4.4.1 Rearing Mosquitoes
			4.4.2 Preserving Mosquitoes
				4.4.2.1 Larvae
				4.4.2.2 Pupae
				4.4.2.3 Adults
			4.4.3 Mosquito Blood Meal Identification
			4.4.4 Methods for Measuring the Physiological Stage
			4.4.5 Morphological and Taxonomic Techniques
				4.4.5.1 Morphological Studies
				4.4.5.2 Cytodiagnostic Methods for the Identification of Sibling Species
				4.4.5.3 Biochemical and Molecular Methods in Studies on Systematics
		4.5 Assessing Efficacy of Insecticides and Repellents on Mosquitoes
			4.5.1 Insecticide Susceptibility Testing
				4.5.1.1 Assessing Susceptibility of Adult Mosquitoes
				4.5.1.2 Assessing Susceptibility of Larval Mosquitoes
					4.5.1.2.0 Assessing the Potency of Microbial Larvicides
			4.5.2 Assays of Insecticide Deposits on Surfaces (e.g. Walls or Nets)
			4.5.3 Assessment of Efficacy of ULV Insecticide Treatments in the Field
			4.5.4 Assays of Efficacy of Mosquito Repellents
		4.6 Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 5: Morphology of Mosquitoes
		5.1 Adults (Fig. 5.1)
			5.1.1 Head (Figs. 5.2 and 5.3)
			5.1.2 Thorax (Figs. 5.4, 5.5, 5.6, and 5.7)
			5.1.3 Abdomen (Fig. 5.1)
		5.2 Larvae
			5.2.1 Head (Fig. 5.14)
			5.2.2 Thorax (Fig. 5.15)
			5.2.3 Abdomen (Figs. 5.15, 5.16, and 5.17)
		5.3 Pupae
		References
Part II: Identification Keys, Morphology, Ecology and Distribution of European Species
	Chapter 6: Key to Female Mosquitoes
		6.1 Genus Anopheles
		6.2 Genus Aedes
		6.3 Genus Culex
		6.4 Genus Culiseta
		6.5 Genus Coquillettidia
	Chapter 7: Key to Male Mosquitoes
		7.1 Genus Anopheles
		7.2 Genus Aedes
		7.3 Genus Culex
		7.4 Genus Culiseta
		7.5 Genus Coquillettidia
	Chapter 8: Key to Mosquito Fourth-Instar Larvae
		8.1 Genus Anopheles
		8.2 Genus Aedes
		8.3 Genus Culex
		8.4 Genus Culiseta
		8.5 Genus Coquillettidia
	Chapter 9: Subfamily Anophelinae
		9.1 Genus Anopheles Meigen, 1818
			9.1.1 Subgenus Anopheles Meigen, 1818
				9.1.1.1 Anopheles (Anopheles) algeriensis Theobald, 1903
				Anopheles Claviger Complex
				9.1.1.2 Anopheles (Anopheles) claviger s.s. (Meigen, 1804)
				9.1.1.3 Anopheles (Anopheles) petragnani del Vecchio, 1939
				9.1.1.4 Anopheles (Anopheles) hyrcanus (Pallas, 1771)
				Anopheles Maculipennis Complex
				9.1.1.5 Anopheles (Anopheles) atroparvus van Thiel, 1927
				9.1.1.6 Anopheles (Anopheles) beklemishevi Stegnii and Kabanova, 1976
				9.1.1.7 Anopheles (Anopheles) daciae Linton, Nicolescu and Harbach, 2004
				9.1.1.8 Anopheles (Anopheles) labranchiae Falleroni, 1926
				9.1.1.9 Anopheles (Anopheles) maculipennis s.s. Meigen, 1818
				9.1.1.10 Anopheles (Anopheles) melanoon Hackett, 1934
				9.1.1.11 Anopheles (Anopheles) messeae Falleroni, 1926
				9.1.1.12 Anopheles (Anopheles) sacharovi Favre, 1903
				9.1.1.13 Anopheles (Anopheles) subalpinus Hackett and Lewis, 1935
				9.1.1.14 Anopheles (Anopheles) marteri Senevet and Prunnelle, 1927
				9.1.1.15 Anopheles (Anopheles) plumbeus Stephens, 1828
			9.1.2 Subgenus Cellia Theobald, 1902
				9.1.2.1 Anopheles (Cellia) cinereus Theobald, 1901
				9.1.2.2 Anopheles (Cellia) cinereus hispaniola Theobald, 1903
				9.1.2.3 Anopheles (Cellia) multicolor Cambouliu, 1902
				9.1.2.4 Anopheles (Cellia) sergentii (Theobald, 1907)
				9.1.2.5 Anopheles (Cellia) superpictus Grassi, 1899
		References
	Chapter 10: Subfamily Culicinae
		10.1 Genus Aedes
			10.1.1 Subgenus Acartomyia Theobald, 1903
			Aedes Mariae Complex
				10.1.1.1 Aedes (Acartomyia) mariae (Sergent and Sergent, 1903)
				10.1.1.2 Aedes (Acartomyia) zammitii (Theobald, 1903)
			10.1.2 Subgenus Aedes (Meigen, 1818)
				10.1.2.1 Aedes (Aedes) cinereus Meigen, 1818
				10.1.2.2 Aedes (Aedes) geminus Peus, 1970
				10.1.2.3 Aedes (Aedes) rossicus Dolbeskin, Gorickaja and Mitrofanova, 1930
			10.1.3 Subgenus Aedimorphus Theobald, 1903
				10.1.3.1 Aedes (Aedimorphus) vexans (Meigen, 1830)
			10.1.4 Subgenus Dahliana Reinert, Harbach and Kitching, 2006
				10.1.4.1 Aedes (Dahliana) echinus (Edwards, 1920)
				10.1.4.2 Aedes (Dahliana) geniculatus (Olivier, 1791)
			10.1.5 Subgenus Fredwardsius Reinert, 2000
				10.1.5.1 Aedes (Fredwardsius) vittatus (Bigot, 1861)
			10.1.6 Subgenus Georgecraigius Reinert, Harbach and Kitching, 2006
				10.1.6.1 Aedes (Georgecraigius) atropalpus (Coquillett, 1902)
			10.1.7 Subgenus Hulecoeteomyia Theobald, 1904
				10.1.7.1 Aedes (Hulecoeteomyia) japonicus japonicus (Theobald, 1901)
				10.1.7.2 Aedes (Hulecoeteomyia) koreicus (Edwards, 1917)
			10.1.8 Subgenus Ochlerotatus Lynch, Arribalzaga, 1891
				10.1.8.1 Aedes (Ochlerotatus) annulipes (Meigen, 1830)
				10.1.8.2 Aedes (Ochlerotatus) behningi (Martini, 1926)
				10.1.8.3 Aedes (Ochlerotatus) berlandi (Seguy, 1921)
				10.1.8.4 Aedes (Ochlerotatus) cantans (Meigen, 1818)
				Aedes Caspius Complex
				10.1.8.5 Aedes (Ochlerotatus) caspius (Pallas, 1771)
				10.1.8.6 Aedes (Ochlerotatus) cataphylla Dyar, 1916
				Aedes Communis Complex
				10.1.8.7 Aedes (Ochlerotatus) communis (de Geer, 1776)
				10.1.8.8 Aedes (Ochlerotatus) cyprius Ludlow, 1920
				Aedes Detritus Complex
				10.1.8.9 Aedes (Ochlerotatus) detritus (Haliday, 1833)
				10.1.8.10 Aedes (Ochlerotatus) diantaeus (Howard, Dyar and Knab, 1913)
				10.1.8.11 Aedes (Ochlerotatus) dorsalis (Meigen, 1830)
				Aedes Excrucians Complex
				10.1.8.12 Aedes (Ochlerotatus) euedes Howard, Dyar and Knab, 1913
				10.1.8.13 Aedes (Ochlerotatus) excrucians (Walker, 1856)
				10.1.8.14 Aedes (Ochlerotatus) surcoufi (Theobald, 1912)
				10.1.8.15 Aedes (Ochlerotatus) flavescens (Müller, 1764)
				10.1.8.16 Aedes (Ochlerotatus) hexodontus Dyar, 1916
				10.1.8.17 Aedes (Ochlerotatus) hungaricus Mihalyi, 1955
				10.1.8.18 Aedes (Ochlerotatus) impiger (Walker, 1848)
				10.1.8.19 Aedes (Ochlerotatus) intrudens (Dyar, 1919)
				10.1.8.20 Aedes (Ochlerotatus) lepidonotus (Edwards, 1920)
				10.1.8.21 Aedes (Ochlerotatus) leucomelas (Meigen, 1804)
				10.1.8.22 Aedes (Ochlerotatus) mercurator (Dyar, 1920)
				10.1.8.23 Aedes (Ochlerotatus) nigrinus (Eckstein, 1918)
				10.1.8.24 Aedes (Ochlerotatus) nigripes (Zetterstedt, 1838)
				10.1.8.25 Aedes (Ochlerotatus) pionips (Dyar, 1919)
				10.1.8.26 Aedes (Ochlerotatus) pulcritarsis (Rondani, 1872)
				10.1.8.27 Aedes (Ochlerotatus) pullatus (Coquillett, 1904)
				10.1.8.28 Aedes (Ochlerotatus) punctodes (Dyar, 1922)
				10.1.8.29 Aedes (Ochlerotatus) punctor (Kirby, 1837)
				10.1.8.30 Aedes (Ochlerotatus) quasirusticus (Torres Canamares, 1951)
				10.1.8.31 Aedes (Ochlerotatus) refiki (Medschid, 1928)
				10.1.8.32 Aedes (Ochlerotatus) riparius (Dyar and Knab, 1907)
				10.1.8.33 Aedes (Ochlerotatus) rusticus (Rossi, 1790)
				10.1.8.34 Aedes (Ochlerotatus) sticticus (Meigen, 1838)
				10.1.8.35 Aedes (Ochlerotatus) subdiversus Martini, 1926
			10.1.9 Subgenus Stegomyia Theobald, 1901
				10.1.9.1 Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762)
				10.1.9.2 Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Skuse, 1895)
				10.1.9.3 Aedes (Stegomyia) cretinus Edwards, 1921
			10.1.10 Subgenus Uncertain
				10.1.10.1 Aedes triseriatus (Say, 1923)
		10.2 Genus Culex Linnaeus, 1758
			10.2.1 Subgenus Barraudius Edwards, 1921
				10.2.1.1 Culex (Barraudius) modestus Ficalbi,1890
				10.2.1.2 Culex (Barraudius) pusillus Macquart, 1850
			10.2.2 Subgenus Culex Linnaeus, 1758
				10.2.2.1 Culex (Culex) brumpti Galliard, 1931
				10.2.2.2 Culex (Culex) laticinctus Edwards, 1913
				10.2.2.3 Culex (Culex) mimeticus Noe, 1899
				10.2.2.4 Culex (Culex) perexiguus Theobald, 1903
				Culex Pipiens Complex
				10.2.2.5 Culex (Culex) pipiens Linnaeus, 1758
				10.2.2.6 Culex pipiens biotype molestus Forskal, 1775
				10.2.2.7 Culex (Culex) quinquefasciatus Say, 1823
				10.2.2.8 Culex (Culex) torrentium Martini, 1925
				10.2.2.9 Culex (Culex) theileri Theobald, 1903
				10.2.2.10 Culex (Culex) tritaeniorhynchus Giles, 1901
			10.2.3 Subgenus Maillotia Theobald, 1907
				10.2.3.1 Culex (Maillotia) hortensis Ficalbi, 1889
			10.2.4 Subgenus Neoculex Dyar, 1905
				10.2.4.1 Culex (Neoculex) impudicus Ficalbi, 1890
				10.2.4.2 Culex (Neoculex) martinii Medschid, 1930
				10.2.4.3 Culex (Neoculex) territans Walker, 1856
		10.3 Genus Culiseta Felt, 1904
			10.3.1 Subgenus Allotheobaldia Broelemann, 1919
				10.3.1.1 Culiseta (Allotheobaldia) longiareolata (Macquart, 1838)
			10.3.2 Subgenus Culicella Felt, 1904
				10.3.2.1 Culiseta (Culicella) fumipennis (Stephens, 1825)
				10.3.2.2 Culiseta (Culicella) litorea (Shute, 1928)
				10.3.2.3 Culiseta (Culicella) morsitans (Theobald, 1901)
				10.3.2.4 Culiseta (Culicella) ochroptera (Peus, 1935)
			10.3.3 Subgenus Culiseta Felt, 1904
				10.3.3.1 Culiseta (Culiseta) alaskaensis (Ludlow, 1906)
				10.3.3.2 Culiseta (Culiseta) annulata (Schrank, 1776)
				10.3.3.3 Culiseta (Culiseta) bergrothi (Edwards, 1921)
				10.3.3.4 Culiseta (Culiseta) glaphyroptera (Schiner, 1864)
				10.3.3.5 Culiseta (Culiseta) subochrea (Edwards, 1921)
		10.4 Genus Coquillettidia Dyar, 1905
			10.4.1 Subgenus Coquillettidia Dyar, 1905
				10.4.1.1 Coquillettidia (Coquillettidia) buxtoni (Edwards, 1923)
				10.4.1.2 Coquillettidia (Coquillettidia) richiardii (Ficalbi, 1889)
		10.5 Genus Orthopodomyia Theobald, 1904
			10.5.1 Orthopodomyia pulcripalpis (Rondani, 1872)
		10.6 Genus Uranotaenia Lynch Arribalzaga, 1891
			10.6.1 Subgenus Pseudoficalbia Theobald, 1912
				10.6.1.1 Uranotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) unguiculata Edwards, 1913
		References
Part III: Identification Keys, Morphology, Ecology, and Distribution of Important Vector and Nuisance Species: Worldwide
	References
	Chapter 11: Africa
		11.1 Key to African Female Mosquitoes
		11.2 Species Description
			11.2.1 Anopheles (Cellia) funestus Giles, 1900
				Anopheles Gambiae Complex
			11.2.2 Anopheles (Cellia) gambiae s.s. Giles, 1902
			11.2.3 Anopheles (Cellia) arabiensis Patton, 1905
			11.2.4 Anopheles (Cellia) quadriannulatus s.l. (Theobald, 1911)
			11.2.5 Anopheles (Cellia) bwambae White, 1985
			11.2.6 Anopheles (Cellia) melas (Theobald, 1903)
			11.2.7 Anopheles (Cellia) merus Dönitz, 1902
			11.2.8 Anopheles (Cellia) pharoensis Theobald, 1901
			11.2.9 Culex (Culex) antennatus (Becker, 1903)
			11.2.10 Culex (Culex) univittatus Theobald, 1901
			11.2.11 Culex (Culex) neavei Theobald, 1901
			11.2.12 Mansonia (Mansonioides) africana (Theobald, 1901)
			11.2.13 Mansonia (Mansonioides) uniformis (Theobald, 1901)
		References
	Chapter 12: Asia
		12.1 Key to Asian Female Mosquitoes
		12.2 Species Description
			12.2.1 Anopheles (Anopheles) lesteri Baisas and Hu, 1936
			12.2.2 Anopheles (Anopheles) sinensis Wiedemann, 1828
			12.2.3 Anopheles (Cellia) culicifacies Giles, 1901
			12.2.4 Anopheles (Cellia) dirus Peyton and Harrison, 1979
			12.2.5 Anopheles (Cellia) flavirostris (Ludlow, 1914)
			12.2.6 Anopheles (Cellia) fluviatilis (James, 1902)
			12.2.7 Anopheles (Cellia) maculatus (Theobald, 1901)
			12.2.8 Anopheles (Cellia) minimus (Theobald, 1901)
			12.2.9 Anopheles (Cellia) stephensi (Liston, 1901)
			12.2.10 Anopheles (Cellia) sundaicus (Rodenwaldt, 1926)
			12.2.11 Culex (Culex) tritaeniorhynchus Giles, 1901
		References
	Chapter 13: Australia
		13.1 Key to Australian Female Mosquitoes
		13.2 Species Description
			13.2.1 Anopheles (Cellia) farauti s.l. Laveran, 1902
			13.2.2 Aedes (Mucidus) alternans (Westwood, 1835)
			13.2.3 Aedes (Rampamyia) notoscriptus (Skuse, 1889)
			13.2.4 Aedes (Ochlerotatus) camptorhynchus (Thompson, 1869)
			13.2.5 Aedes (Ochlerotatus) normanensis (Taylor, 1915)
			13.2.6 Aedes (Ochlerotatus) sagax (Skuse, 1889)
			13.2.7 Aedes (Ochlerotatus) theobaldi (Taylor, 1914)
			13.2.8 Aedes (Ochlerotatus) vigilax (Skuse, 1889)
			13.2.9 Culex (Culex) annulirostris Skuse, 1889
			13.2.10 Culex (Culex) sitiens Wiedemann, 1828
			13.2.11 Coquillettidia (Coquillettidia) xanthogaster (Edwards, 1924)
		References
	Chapter 14: Central and South America
		14.1 Key to Central and South American Female Mosquitoes
		14.2 Species Description
			14.2.1 Anopheles (Anopheles) calderoni Wilkerson, 1991
			14.2.2 Anopheles (Anopheles) pseudopunctipennis Theobald, 1901
			14.2.3 Anopheles (Anopheles) punctimacula Dyar and Knab, 1906
			14.2.4 Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) albimanus Wiedemann, 1820
			14.2.5 Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) aquasalis Curry, 1932
			14.2.6 Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) darlingi Root, 1926
			14.2.7 Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) nuneztovari Gabaldon, 1940
			14.2.8 Haemagogus (Haemagogus) janthinomys Dyar, 1921
			14.2.9 Aedes (Ochlerotatus) albifasciatus (Macquart, 1838)
			14.2.10 Aedes (Ochlerotatus) scapularis (Rondani, 1848)
			14.2.11 Culex (Culex) nigripalpus Theobald, 1901
			14.2.12 Mansonia (Mansonia) titillans (Walker, 1848)
		References
	Chapter 15: North America
		15.1 Key to North American Female Mosquitoes
		15.2 Species Description
			15.2.1 Aedes (Ochlerotatus) sollicitans (Walker, 1856)
			15.2.2 Aedes (Ochlerotatus) taeniorhynchus (Wiedemann, 1821)
			15.2.3 Psorophora (Grabhamia) columbiae (Dyar and Knab, 1906)
			15.2.4 Psorophora (Janthinosoma) ferox (von Humboldt, 1819)
			15.2.5 Culex (Culex) restuans Theobald, 1901
			15.2.6 Culex (Culex) salinarius Coquillett, 1904
			15.2.7 Culex (Culex) tarsalis Coquillett, 1896
			15.2.8 Coquillettidia (Coquillettidia) perturbans (Walker, 1856)
		References
Part IV: Control of Mosquitoes
	Chapter 16: Biological Control
		16.1 Introduction
		16.2 Predators
			16.2.1 Vertebrate Predators
				16.2.1.1 Fish (Osteichthyes)
				16.2.1.2 Amphibians (Amphibia)
				16.2.1.3 Birds (Aves)
				16.2.1.4 Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera)
			16.2.2 Invertebrate Predators
				16.2.2.1 Hydra (Coelenterata)
				16.2.2.2 Flatworms (Turbellaria)
				16.2.2.3 Spiders and Mites (Arachnids)
				16.2.2.4 Crustaceans (Crustacea)
				16.2.2.5 Insects (Insecta)
		16.3 Parasites
			16.3.1 Nematodes
		16.4 Pathogens
			16.4.1 Fungi
			16.4.2 Protozoa
			16.4.3 Bacteria
				16.4.3.1 Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (B.t.i.)
				16.4.3.2 Lysinibacillus sphaericus (L.s.)
				16.4.3.3 Wolbachia
			16.4.4 Viruses
		16.5 Plant Extracts
		References
	Chapter 17: Environmental Management of Mosquitoes
		17.1 Introduction
		17.2 Environmental Management of Mosquitoes in Urban Areas
			17.2.1 Denying Mosquito Access to Urban Areas and into Homes
			17.2.2 Construction Sites
			17.2.3 Water Storage Containers
			17.2.4 Drainage Systems
			17.2.5 Sewage and Wastewater Processing
			17.2.6 Cemeteries
			17.2.7 Urban Sanitation
		17.3 Environmental Management of Mosquitoes in Rural Areas
			17.3.1 Agriculture
			17.3.2 Natural Wetlands
		17.4 Environmental Management of Mosquitoes and Human Issues
			17.4.1 Community Participation
			17.4.2 Regulations for Environmental Management of Mosquitoes
		References
	Chapter 18: Chemical Control
		18.1 History
		18.2 Insecticides
			18.2.1 Classification of Insecticides
			18.2.2 Insecticide Formulations
			18.2.3 Insecticide Application Techniques
		18.3 Chemical Groups of Insecticides
			18.3.1 Chlorinated Hydrocarbons
				18.3.1.1 Mode of Action
			18.3.2 Organophosphates
				18.3.2.1 Mode of Action
			18.3.3 Carbamates
				18.3.3.1 Mode of Action
			18.3.4 Pyrethroids
				18.3.4.1 Mode of Action
				18.3.4.2 Resistance
			18.3.5 Insect Growth Regulators
				18.3.5.1 Benzoylphenyl Ureas (Diflubenzuron and Novaluron)
					18.3.5.1.1 Mode of Action
				18.3.5.2 Juvenile Hormone Analogues
					18.3.5.2.1 Mode of Action
			18.3.6 Novel Insecticide Classes
				18.3.6.1 Oxadiazines
				18.3.6.2 Neonicotinoids
				18.3.6.3 Pyrroles
					18.3.6.3.1 Chlorfenapyr
		18.4 Management and Monitoring of Insecticide Resistance
			18.4.1 Resistance Mechanisms
			18.4.2 Resistance Surveillance
			18.4.3 Resistance Management
		18.5 Safe Use of Pesticides
			18.5.1 Pesticide Approval
			18.5.2 Human Intoxication and Impacts
			18.5.3 Environmental Contamination
			18.5.4 Pesticide Information
			18.5.5 Personal Protective Equipment REF
			18.5.6 Pesticide Storage
			18.5.7 Pesticide Disposal
			18.5.8 Personnel Training
		References
	Chapter 19: Physical Control
		19.1 Introduction
		19.2 Physical Control of Immature Mosquitoes
			19.2.1 Oil
			19.2.2 Surface Films
				19.2.2.1 Liparol
				19.2.2.2 Monomolecular Surface Films
				19.2.2.3 Polystyrene Beads
			19.2.3 Other Technologies
		19.3 Physical Control of Adult Mosquitoes
			19.3.1 Other Technology
		19.4 Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 20: Genetic Control of Mosquitoes
		20.1 Introduction
		20.2 Population Suppression via the Sterile Insect Technique and Related Strategies
			20.2.1 Introduction
			20.2.2 Rearing
			20.2.3 Sexing
			20.2.4 Male Sterilisation
			20.2.5 SIT in Practice
		20.3 Population Replacement
			20.3.1 The Principle of Population Replacement
			20.3.2 Refractoriness to Pathogens
				20.3.2.1 Natural Immunity-Based Mechanisms
				20.3.2.2 Engineered Refractory Mechanisms
			20.3.3 Genetic Drivers
				20.3.3.1 Transposable Elements
				20.3.3.2 Meiotic Drive
				20.3.3.3 CRISPR
				20.3.3.4 Intracellular and Extracellular Symbionts
				20.3.3.5 Driver Requirements
		20.4 Ethical, Legal and Social Implications of the Use of Genetically Modified Mosquitoes
			20.4.1 Absence of Community Participation
			20.4.2 International Committee for Genetic Control Work
		References
	Chapter 21: Personal Protection
		21.1 Introduction
		21.2 Insecticide-Treated BedNets
			21.2.1 Conventionally Treated BedNets
			21.2.2 Long-Lasting Insecticide-Treated Nets
		21.3 Mosquito Repellents
			21.3.1 Topical Repellents
			21.3.2 Spatial Repellents
				21.3.2.1 Mosquito Coils
				21.3.2.2 Vaporising Mats
				21.3.2.3 Liquid Vaporisers
				21.3.2.4 Passive Emanators
				21.3.2.5 Summary
		References
	Chapter 22: Implementation and Integration of Mosquito Control Measures into Routine Treatments
		22.1 Introduction
		22.2 Prerequisites for the Successful Implementation of the Programme
			22.2.1 Mosquito Monitoring
				22.2.1.1 Action Thresholds as a Component of Integrated Mosquito Management
				22.2.1.2 Thresholds for Vector Mosquitoes
			22.2.2 Mapping of the Breeding Sites
				22.2.2.1 Geographic Information Systems
				22.2.2.2 Application of GIS and Information Technology to Mosquito Control
			22.2.3 Selection of Application Techniques
			22.2.4 Establishing the Effective Dosage
			22.2.5 Design of the Control Strategy
			22.2.6 Training of Field Staff
			22.2.7 Governmental Application Requirements
			22.2.8 Community Participation
			22.2.9 Insecticide Registration and Conditions of Use
			22.2.10 Routine Treatments
			22.2.11 Public Information Systems
		References
Subject Index
Taxonomic Index