Mood and anxiety disorders in women

Half-title......Page 2
Title......Page 4
Copyright......Page 5
Contents......Page 6
Contributors......Page 8
Preface......Page 12
Foreword......Page 16
The emergence of gender differences in affective disorders during adolescence......Page 18
The gender gap: fact or artefact?......Page 19
The gender intensification hypothesis......Page 20
Limitations of the gender intensification hypothesis......Page 22
Gender roles and individual differences in personality......Page 24
Pubertal development and the diathesis for affective disorder......Page 25
Pubertal change and interpersonal stressors......Page 26
An evolutionary synthesis of pubertal influences on vulnerability to depressive disorders......Page 27
Sexual selection and vulnerability to depression......Page 28
Conclusions......Page 30
REFERENCES......Page 31
Diagnostic features......Page 37
Possible sources of sex differences......Page 38
Clinical presentation......Page 42
Temporal stability and longitudinal course......Page 43
Aetiology......Page 44
Neurobiology......Page 46
REFERENCES......Page 49
Epidemiology of substance use and abuse: gender differences......Page 56
Comorbidity and long-term course: differences between the sexes......Page 58
Biological parameters......Page 59
Psychosocial issues......Page 60
The reproductive years......Page 61
Barriers to treatment for women......Page 63
Engagement in treatment......Page 65
Retention in treatment......Page 66
Outpatient treatment......Page 67
Residential treatment......Page 68
Women with special needs......Page 69
REFERENCES......Page 70
Panic disorder......Page 76
Clinical course......Page 77
Agoraphobia......Page 78
PTSD......Page 79
Symptoms......Page 80
Clinical course......Page 81
Social phobia......Page 82
Comorbidity......Page 83
Comorbidity......Page 84
Influences of the menstrual cycle on anxiety symptoms......Page 85
Perinatal anxiety disorders......Page 86
REFERENCES......Page 87
The nature of PTSD......Page 92
Prevalence across cultures......Page 93
The developmental context: women, trauma and PTSD across the lifespan......Page 95
Possible explanations for gender differences in PTSD......Page 96
Trauma type......Page 97
Cognitive factors......Page 99
Biological factors......Page 100
Psychological interventions......Page 101
Pharmacotherapy......Page 102
Conclusions......Page 103
REFERENCES......Page 104
What is domestic violence?......Page 109
Pattern of abuse......Page 110
Domestic violence and pregnancy......Page 111
The mental health outcomes of domestic violence......Page 113
Depression and suicide......Page 114
PTSD and anxiety disorders......Page 115
Domestic violence and substance misuse......Page 116
Effects of domestic violence on children......Page 117
Detecting domestic violence......Page 118
Identification of domestic violence......Page 119
Disclosing domestic violence......Page 120
Clinical and service recommendations......Page 121
REFERENCES......Page 124
Epidemiology......Page 133
Oestrogen......Page 135
Androgens......Page 137
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder......Page 138
Depression related to hormonal contraception......Page 139
Abortion and miscarriage and depression......Page 141
PND......Page 142
Infertility and depression in women......Page 145
Perimenopause, menopause and depression......Page 146
Conclusion......Page 147
REFERENCES......Page 148
8 Anxiety and mood disorders in pregnancy and the postpartum period......Page 153
Anxiety disorders in the perinatal period......Page 154
Postpartum mood disorders......Page 155
Postpartum psychosis......Page 157
Hormonal factors......Page 158
Sleep regulation......Page 159
Social supports, life events, and other factors......Page 160
Cultural aspects......Page 161
Detection: A role for screening?......Page 162
Prevention......Page 163
Psychosocial......Page 164
Pharmacological/hormonal interventions......Page 165
Inpatient units......Page 166
PND in lesbian mothers......Page 167
Development......Page 168
REFERENCES......Page 169
9 Pharmacological treatment of anxiety and depression in pregnancy and lactation......Page 180
Risks associated with pharmacotherapy......Page 181
Risks associated with untreated mental illness......Page 182
Balancing risks with benefits......Page 183
Benzodiazepines......Page 185
Other anxiolytics......Page 187
Antidepressants......Page 188
SSRIs......Page 190
Other antidepressants......Page 191
Mood stabilisers......Page 192
Lithium......Page 193
Anticonvulsants (see also chapter 10)......Page 194
Conclusions......Page 195
REFERENCES......Page 196
10 Bipolar affective disorder: Special issues for women......Page 202
Symptoms, course of illness and treatment......Page 203
Co-morbidity and gender......Page 204
Preconception......Page 205
Potential effects of untreated BD during childbearing......Page 206
BD, childbearing and risk factors for relapse......Page 207
Principles of management......Page 208
Therapy during pregnancy and delivery......Page 210
Foetal and neonatal effects......Page 211
Therapy during pregnancy and delivery......Page 212
Topiramate......Page 213
Foetal and neonatal effects......Page 214
Foetal and neonatal effects......Page 215
Electroconvulsive therapy......Page 216
Postpartum psychosis......Page 217
Breastfeeding and medication......Page 218
Valproate......Page 219
Topiramate......Page 220
BDPs......Page 221
REFERENCES......Page 222
11 Mood and menopause......Page 229
Meanings of menopause......Page 230
Endocrine changes associated with menopause......Page 231
Culture/race......Page 232
Results of cross-sectional studies......Page 233
Longitudinal studies......Page 242
Clinical implications......Page 251
Diagnostic and treatment approaches for the perimenopausal woman presenting with mood complaints......Page 252
REFERENCES......Page 253
12 Anxiety and depression in women in old age......Page 259
Psychological development and old age......Page 261
Anxiety......Page 262
Classification and diagnosis......Page 263
Burden of depression......Page 264
Predisposing factors......Page 265
Precipitating factors......Page 267
Protective factors......Page 268
Assessment......Page 269
Treatment principles......Page 270
Antidepressants......Page 271
Psychological and psychotherapeutic interventions......Page 272
Anxiolytic drugs......Page 274
Non-pharmacological interventions......Page 275
Barriers to care......Page 276
Looking to the future and to unanswered questions......Page 277
REFERENCES......Page 278
Index......Page 284