Monomers, Polymers and Composites from Renewable Resources

Front Cover......Page 0
Monomers, Polymers and Composites from Renewable Resources......Page 1
Copyright Page......Page 2
Contents......Page 3
Foreword......Page 5
List of Contributors......Page 7
1.1 THE CONTEXT......Page 9
1.2 VEGETABLE RESOURCES......Page 11
1.3 ANIMAL RESOURCES......Page 21
1.4 BACTERIAL POLYMERS......Page 22
REFERENCES......Page 23
2.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 25
2.2 TURPENTINE......Page 27
2.3 TURPENTINE APPLICATIONS......Page 28
2.4 POLYMERS FROM TERPENES......Page 29
2.5 POLYTERPENE APPLICATIONS......Page 41
REFERENCES......Page 42
3.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 47
3.2 PROPERTIES OF VEGETABLE OILS AND FATTY ACIDS......Page 49
3.3 ISOLATION OF VEGETABLE OILS......Page 50
3.4 POLYMERS FROM VEGETABLE OILS......Page 51
REFERENCES......Page 72
4.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 75
4.2 ROSIN CHEMICAL COMPOSITION......Page 76
4.3 RESIN ACIDS CHEMICAL REACTIVITY......Page 78
4.4 MAJOR APPLICATIONS OF ROSIN AND DERIVATIVES......Page 84
REFERENCES......Page 92
5.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 97
5.2 ALDITOLS......Page 98
5.3 ALDONIC ACIDS AND LACTONES......Page 106
5.4 ALDARIC ACIDS......Page 108
5.5 AMINOSUGARS......Page 110
5.6 MISCELLANEOUS......Page 116
REFERENCES......Page 118
6.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 123
6.2 THE FURAN HETEROCYCLE AND SOME OF ITS CHEMICAL FEATURES......Page 124
6.3 FURFURAL AND HYDROXYMETHYLFURFURAL......Page 126
6.4 FURAN MONOMERS......Page 128
6.5 POLYMERS FROM CHAIN REACTIONS......Page 130
6.6 POLYMERS FROM STEP-GROWTH REACTIONS......Page 135
6.7 CONJUGATED OLIGOMERS AND POLYMERS......Page 146
6.8 THE APPLICATION OF THE DA REACTION TO FURAN POLYMERS......Page 150
6.9 MISCELLANEOUS DENDRIMERS......Page 155
6.10 THE AGING OF FURAN POLYMERS......Page 157
REFERENCES......Page 158
7.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 161
7.2 CARBOHYDRATE-BASED SURFACTANTS......Page 163
7.3 SURFACTANTS BASED ON RRMs ENTIRELY FROM OLEOCHEMISTRY: POLYGLYCEROL ESTERS......Page 175
7.4 NOVEL BIODEGRADABLE PLANT-DERIVED CATIONIC EMULSIFIERS FOR ROAD CONSTRUCTION AND COSMETICS......Page 176
7.5 GEMINI SURFACTANTS AND BOLAAMPHIPHILES......Page 178
7.6 CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVES......Page 182
REFERENCES......Page 183
8.1 HISTORY OF TANNINS EXTRACTION......Page 187
8.2 MAJOR SOURCES......Page 188
8.4 TANNIN STRUCTURE......Page 189
8.6 A FEW CONSIDERATIONS ON LEATHER MANUFACTURE......Page 193
8.7 TANNIN-BASED ADHESIVES......Page 194
8.8 TECHNOLOGY OF INDUSTRIAL TANNIN ADHESIVES......Page 196
8.10 CEMENT SUPERPLASTICIZERS......Page 200
8.11 MEDICAL/PHARMACEUTICAL APPLICATIONS......Page 201
REFERENCES......Page 206
9.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 209
9.3 BIOSYNTHESIS OF MONOLIGNOLS AND THE FORMATION OF LIGNIN......Page 210
9.4 MAJOR SOURCES OF LIGNIN......Page 213
9.5 THE STRUCTURE OF LIGNIN......Page 218
9.6 TECHNICAL LIGNINS......Page 224
REFERENCES......Page 229
10.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 233
10.2 SULPHITE LIGNIN......Page 234
10.3 KRAFT LIGNIN......Page 238
10.4 SODA LIGNIN......Page 242
10.5 OTHER FUTURE POTENTIAL SOURCES OF INDUSTRIAL LIGNINS......Page 245
REFERENCES......Page 246
11.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 251
11.2 LIGNINS AS PHYSICAL COMPONENTS......Page 252
11.3 LIGNINS AS MACROMONOMERS......Page 260
11.4 CARBON FIBRES AND OTHER GRAPHITIC MATERIALS......Page 271
11.6 AROMATIC MONOMERS FROM LIGNIN AND MODEL POLYMERS......Page 273
REFERENCES......Page 277
12.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 281
12.2 ‘TOTAL’ OXYPROPYLATION......Page 283
12.3 POLYURETHANE FOAMS......Page 290
12.4 PARTIAL OXYPROPYLATION......Page 291
REFERENCES......Page 295
13.1 STRUCTURE, SOURCES AND PROPERTIES......Page 297
13.2 APPLICATIONS......Page 306
13.3 CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 307
REFERENCES......Page 308
14.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 313
14.2 CORK......Page 314
14.3 SUBERIN......Page 316
14.4 APPLICATIONS OF SUBERIN AND SUBERIN COMPONENTS......Page 320
REFERENCES......Page 326
15.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 329
15.3 STRUCTURE OF STARCH GRANULES......Page 330
15.4 DISRUPTION OF STARCH GRANULES......Page 333
15.5 APPLICATIONS OF STARCH AS A RAW MATERIAL FOR PLASTIC PRODUCTION......Page 335
15.6 THERMOPLASTIC STARCH......Page 336
15.7 CONCLUSIONS......Page 344
REFERENCES......Page 345
16.2 CARBOXYLIC ACID ESTERS......Page 351
16.3 NUCLEOPHILIC DISPLACEMENT REACTIONS WITH CELLULOSE......Page 362
16.4 ETHERIFICATION OF CELLULOSE......Page 363
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS......Page 371
REFERENCES......Page 372
17.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 377
17.2 CELLULOSE SYNTHESIS......Page 378
17.3 PROPERTIES......Page 381
17.4 APPLICATIONS......Page 386
REFERENCES......Page 390
18.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 393
18.3 SURFACE MODIFICATION STRATEGIES......Page 394
18.4 CONCLUSIONS......Page 405
REFERENCES......Page 406
19.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 409
19.2 NATURAL FIBRES......Page 410
19.3 COMPOSITES......Page 413
19.5 COMPOSITE PROPERTIES......Page 414
19.6 NANOCOMPOSITES......Page 421
19.7 CONCLUSIONS......Page 424
REFERENCES......Page 425
20.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 427
20.2 CHEMICAL MODIFICATION......Page 428
REFERENCES......Page 438
21.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 441
21.2 SYNTHESIS OF PLA......Page 442
21.3 PLA PROPERTIES......Page 447
21.4 DEGRADATION......Page 451
21.5 PROCESSING......Page 453
21.6 APPLICATIONS......Page 455
REFERENCES......Page 456
22.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 459
22.2 HISTORICAL REVIEW......Page 460
22.3 PREPARATION, SYNTHESIS......Page 462
22.4 STRUCTURE......Page 467
22.5 ULTIMATE PROPERTIES......Page 468
22.6 THERMAL AND HYDROLYTIC DEGRADATION......Page 472
22.7 MODIFICATION......Page 474
22.8 PROCESSING......Page 476
22.9 APPLICATIONS......Page 478
22.10 PRODUCERS......Page 480
REFERENCES......Page 481
23.2 STRUCTURES......Page 487
23.3 PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES......Page 489
23.4 IMPORTANT PROTEINS AS SOURCES OF MATERIALS......Page 490
23.5 POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS AS MATERIALS......Page 492
REFERENCES......Page 500
24.2 POLYELECTROLYTE CHARACTERIZATION......Page 503
24.3 CELLULOSE IONIC DERIVATIVES......Page 506
24.4 STARCH IONIC DERIVATIVES......Page 509
24.5 SEAWEED POLYSACCHARIDES......Page 510
24.6 PECTINS......Page 517
24.7 GALACTOMANNAN IONIC DERIVATIVES......Page 519
REFERENCES......Page 520
25.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 525
25.2 METHODS OF PREPARATION......Page 526
25.3 CHARACTERIZATION OF CHITIN AND CHITOSAN......Page 529
25.4 INTERACTION WITH METAL IONS......Page 534
25.5 CHITOSAN IN POLYELECTROLYTE COMPLEXES......Page 535
25.6 APPLICATIONS IN MEDICINE AND PHARMACY......Page 538
25.8 APPLICATIONS IN THE FOOD INDUSTRY......Page 540
25.9 APPLICATIONS IN COSMETICS......Page 541
REFERENCES......Page 542
B......Page 551
C......Page 552
D......Page 553
G......Page 554
L......Page 555
P......Page 556
S......Page 558
U......Page 559
Z......Page 560
Colour Plate......Page 561