Monomers, polymers and composites from renewable resources

Front Cover......Page 1
Monomers, Polymers and Composites from Renewable Resources......Page 2
Copyright Page......Page 3
Contents......Page 4
Foreword......Page 6
List of Contributors......Page 8
1.1 THE CONTEXT......Page 10
1.2 VEGETABLE RESOURCES......Page 12
1.3 ANIMAL RESOURCES......Page 22
1.4 BACTERIAL POLYMERS......Page 23
REFERENCES......Page 24
2.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 26
2.2 TURPENTINE......Page 28
2.3 TURPENTINE APPLICATIONS......Page 29
2.4 POLYMERS FROM TERPENES......Page 30
2.5 POLYTERPENE APPLICATIONS......Page 42
REFERENCES......Page 43
3.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 48
3.2 PROPERTIES OF VEGETABLE OILS AND FATTY ACIDS......Page 50
3.3 ISOLATION OF VEGETABLE OILS......Page 51
3.4 POLYMERS FROM VEGETABLE OILS......Page 52
REFERENCES......Page 73
4.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 76
4.2 ROSIN CHEMICAL COMPOSITION......Page 77
4.3 RESIN ACIDS CHEMICAL REACTIVITY......Page 79
4.4 MAJOR APPLICATIONS OF ROSIN AND DERIVATIVES......Page 85
REFERENCES......Page 93
5.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 98
5.2 ALDITOLS......Page 99
5.3 ALDONIC ACIDS AND LACTONES......Page 107
5.4 ALDARIC ACIDS......Page 109
5.5 AMINOSUGARS......Page 111
5.6 MISCELLANEOUS......Page 117
REFERENCES......Page 119
6.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 124
6.2 THE FURAN HETEROCYCLE AND SOME OF ITS CHEMICAL FEATURES......Page 125
6.3 FURFURAL AND HYDROXYMETHYLFURFURAL......Page 127
6.4 FURAN MONOMERS......Page 129
6.5 POLYMERS FROM CHAIN REACTIONS......Page 131
6.6 POLYMERS FROM STEP-GROWTH REACTIONS......Page 136
6.7 CONJUGATED OLIGOMERS AND POLYMERS......Page 147
6.8 THE APPLICATION OF THE DA REACTION TO FURAN POLYMERS......Page 151
6.9 MISCELLANEOUS DENDRIMERS......Page 156
6.10 THE AGING OF FURAN POLYMERS......Page 158
REFERENCES......Page 159
7.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 162
7.2 CARBOHYDRATE-BASED SURFACTANTS......Page 164
7.3 SURFACTANTS BASED ON RRMs ENTIRELY FROM OLEOCHEMISTRY: POLYGLYCEROL ESTERS......Page 176
7.4 NOVEL BIODEGRADABLE PLANT-DERIVED CATIONIC EMULSIFIERS FOR ROAD CONSTRUCTION AND COSMETICS......Page 177
7.5 GEMINI SURFACTANTS AND BOLAAMPHIPHILES......Page 179
7.6 CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVES......Page 183
REFERENCES......Page 184
8.1 HISTORY OF TANNINS EXTRACTION......Page 188
8.2 MAJOR SOURCES......Page 189
8.4 TANNIN STRUCTURE......Page 190
8.6 A FEW CONSIDERATIONS ON LEATHER MANUFACTURE......Page 194
8.7 TANNIN-BASED ADHESIVES......Page 195
8.8 TECHNOLOGY OF INDUSTRIAL TANNIN ADHESIVES......Page 197
8.10 CEMENT SUPERPLASTICIZERS......Page 201
8.11 MEDICAL/PHARMACEUTICAL APPLICATIONS......Page 202
REFERENCES......Page 207
9.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 210
9.3 BIOSYNTHESIS OF MONOLIGNOLS AND THE FORMATION OF LIGNIN......Page 211
9.4 MAJOR SOURCES OF LIGNIN......Page 214
9.5 THE STRUCTURE OF LIGNIN......Page 219
9.6 TECHNICAL LIGNINS......Page 225
REFERENCES......Page 230
10.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 234
10.2 SULPHITE LIGNIN......Page 235
10.3 KRAFT LIGNIN......Page 239
10.4 SODA LIGNIN......Page 243
10.5 OTHER FUTURE POTENTIAL SOURCES OF INDUSTRIAL LIGNINS......Page 246
REFERENCES......Page 247
11.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 252
11.2 LIGNINS AS PHYSICAL COMPONENTS......Page 253
11.3 LIGNINS AS MACROMONOMERS......Page 261
11.4 CARBON FIBRES AND OTHER GRAPHITIC MATERIALS......Page 272
11.6 AROMATIC MONOMERS FROM LIGNIN AND MODEL POLYMERS......Page 274
REFERENCES......Page 278
12.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 282
12.2 ‘TOTAL’ OXYPROPYLATION......Page 284
12.3 POLYURETHANE FOAMS......Page 291
12.4 PARTIAL OXYPROPYLATION......Page 292
REFERENCES......Page 296
13.1 STRUCTURE, SOURCES AND PROPERTIES......Page 298
13.2 APPLICATIONS......Page 307
13.3 CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 308
REFERENCES......Page 309
14.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 314
14.2 CORK......Page 315
14.3 SUBERIN......Page 317
14.4 APPLICATIONS OF SUBERIN AND SUBERIN COMPONENTS......Page 321
REFERENCES......Page 327
15.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 330
15.3 STRUCTURE OF STARCH GRANULES......Page 331
15.4 DISRUPTION OF STARCH GRANULES......Page 334
15.5 APPLICATIONS OF STARCH AS A RAW MATERIAL FOR PLASTIC PRODUCTION......Page 336
15.6 THERMOPLASTIC STARCH......Page 337
15.7 CONCLUSIONS......Page 345
REFERENCES......Page 346
16.2 CARBOXYLIC ACID ESTERS......Page 352
16.3 NUCLEOPHILIC DISPLACEMENT REACTIONS WITH CELLULOSE......Page 363
16.4 ETHERIFICATION OF CELLULOSE......Page 364
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS......Page 372
REFERENCES......Page 373
17.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 378
17.2 CELLULOSE SYNTHESIS......Page 379
17.3 PROPERTIES......Page 382
17.4 APPLICATIONS......Page 387
REFERENCES......Page 391
18.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 394
18.3 SURFACE MODIFICATION STRATEGIES......Page 395
18.4 CONCLUSIONS......Page 406
REFERENCES......Page 407
19.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 410
19.2 NATURAL FIBRES......Page 411
19.3 COMPOSITES......Page 414
19.5 COMPOSITE PROPERTIES......Page 415
19.6 NANOCOMPOSITES......Page 422
19.7 CONCLUSIONS......Page 425
REFERENCES......Page 426
20.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 428
20.2 CHEMICAL MODIFICATION......Page 429
REFERENCES......Page 439
21.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 442
21.2 SYNTHESIS OF PLA......Page 443
21.3 PLA PROPERTIES......Page 448
21.4 DEGRADATION......Page 452
21.5 PROCESSING......Page 454
21.6 APPLICATIONS......Page 456
REFERENCES......Page 457
22.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 460
22.2 HISTORICAL REVIEW......Page 461
22.3 PREPARATION, SYNTHESIS......Page 463
22.4 STRUCTURE......Page 468
22.5 ULTIMATE PROPERTIES......Page 469
22.6 THERMAL AND HYDROLYTIC DEGRADATION......Page 473
22.7 MODIFICATION......Page 475
22.8 PROCESSING......Page 477
22.9 APPLICATIONS......Page 479
22.10 PRODUCERS......Page 481
REFERENCES......Page 482
23.2 STRUCTURES......Page 488
23.3 PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES......Page 490
23.4 IMPORTANT PROTEINS AS SOURCES OF MATERIALS......Page 491
23.5 POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS AS MATERIALS......Page 493
REFERENCES......Page 501
24.2 POLYELECTROLYTE CHARACTERIZATION......Page 504
24.3 CELLULOSE IONIC DERIVATIVES......Page 507
24.4 STARCH IONIC DERIVATIVES......Page 510
24.5 SEAWEED POLYSACCHARIDES......Page 511
24.6 PECTINS......Page 518
24.7 GALACTOMANNAN IONIC DERIVATIVES......Page 520
REFERENCES......Page 521
25.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 526
25.2 METHODS OF PREPARATION......Page 527
25.3 CHARACTERIZATION OF CHITIN AND CHITOSAN......Page 530
25.4 INTERACTION WITH METAL IONS......Page 535
25.5 CHITOSAN IN POLYELECTROLYTE COMPLEXES......Page 536
25.6 APPLICATIONS IN MEDICINE AND PHARMACY......Page 539
25.8 APPLICATIONS IN THE FOOD INDUSTRY......Page 541
25.9 APPLICATIONS IN COSMETICS......Page 542
REFERENCES......Page 543
B......Page 552
C......Page 553
D......Page 554
G......Page 555
L......Page 556
P......Page 557
S......Page 559
U......Page 560
Z......Page 561
Colour Plate......Page 562