Monitoring Ecological Change

Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
3.9 Indicators and indices of environmental quality and sustainability in state of the environment reports......Page 9
Preface......Page 13
Acknowledgements......Page 15
Glossary of acronyms and abbreviations......Page 16
Surveillance......Page 21
Monitoring......Page 22
1.3 Why ecological monitoring?......Page 25
1.4 Personal reflections and experiences of ecological monitoring......Page 27
1.5 Priority areas for ecological monitoring......Page 28
1.6 Long-term ecological studies and ecological monitoring......Page 34
1.7 Monitoring ecology in the future and in the past......Page 37
1.8 The relevance of ecological monitoring......Page 41
2.2 An historical perspective......Page 49
The United Nations Environment Programme and the Global Environmental Monitoring System......Page 58
International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources......Page 65
The United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre......Page 66
International Whaling Commission......Page 68
The Sea Mammal Research Unit......Page 69
Environmental monitoring and ecological monitoring in North America......Page 70
The Nature Conservancy......Page 74
Ecological Monitoring Assessment Network......Page 76
Environmental monitoring in Europe......Page 77
The Coordination of Information on the Environment Biotopes Programme......Page 79
Natural Environment Research Council......Page 81
Biological Records Centre and mapping and monitoring programmes......Page 83
Nature Conservation Organizations in the UK......Page 90
Rothamsted Insect Survey......Page 91
Organizations monitoring birds......Page 93
Wildlife and natural history organizations......Page 95
3.2 Terms and terminology: state, condition or what?......Page 96
3.3 The changing state of the environment......Page 97
3.4 Sceptics and the green backlash......Page 100
3.5 Reports on the state of the environment......Page 101
State of the Environment in Asia and the Pacific 1995......Page 103
3.6 Why state of the environment reports?......Page 104
(ii) Functions......Page 105
(iii) Implementation......Page 107
3.7 The content and objectives of state of the environment reports......Page 109
3.8 Biological and ecological information in state of the environment reports......Page 111
Indicator......Page 114
Index......Page 115
Comparing indices......Page 117
Composite environmental and sustainability indices......Page 121
Ecological footprints......Page 125
The living planet index......Page 126
The world ecological footprint......Page 127
Ecological rucksacks......Page 131
Conclusions......Page 133
4.1 Introduction......Page 134
Monitoring biological diversity......Page 135
4.3 Monitoring aquatic species and the effects of pollution......Page 142
4.4 Monitoring large mammals in large-scale landscapes......Page 145
4.5 Monitoring woodland and forest communities......Page 148
4.6 Monitoring marine ecosystems......Page 152
4.7 Monitoring pollution across countries......Page 158
4.8 Spatial scales and ecological monitoring......Page 160
4.9 Monitoring land-use change......Page 161
Land classes and classification......Page 163
Data and monitoring land-use change......Page 165
Supervised classification......Page 169
Presence and absence......Page 172
Behaviour and physiology......Page 176
5.3 Biological community indicators......Page 177
5.4 Indicators of pollution......Page 178
Detectors and exploiters......Page 179
Accumulators......Page 185
5.5 Status of biological indicators in monitoring programmes......Page 187
The Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Programme and its indicators......Page 188
5.6 Biological indices......Page 189
Lichens as indicators and an index of atmospheric purity......Page 190
The saprobian system......Page 191
The Neville Williams index......Page 193
The Trent biotic index (score)......Page 194
SIGNAL and Australian rivers......Page 203
5.8 The development of biotic indices......Page 208
6.2 Number of species, species composition, abundance and diversity......Page 211
6.3 Species richness......Page 212
6.4 Species richness indices......Page 213
6.5 Biological diversity......Page 215
6.7 Species diversity indices......Page 216
6.8 Species diversity and equatability or evenness......Page 219
6.10 Variation in species diversity......Page 222
6.11 Application of diversity indices......Page 223
6.13 Community similarity indices......Page 228
6.15 Ranking, classification and ordination......Page 235
7.2 Standardized methods......Page 240
7.4 Data and unplanned monitoring......Page 241
Defining the objectives or goals......Page 243
An example of monitoring: the Wellington Conservancy......Page 244
Summary......Page 245
Monitoring localities......Page 249
Long-term logistical support and resourcing......Page 251
Data collection protocols and ecological variables......Page 252
Collaboration, communication and partnerships......Page 261
Feasibility or pilot study......Page 262
Analysis and presentation of results......Page 265
Ben Stout\'s \'good, bad and ugly\'......Page 266
8.1 Introduction......Page 269
8.2 Why community-based ecological monitoring?......Page 270
8.3 The growth of community-based ecological monitoring......Page 271
8.4 Community-based ecological monitoring in practice......Page 275
Rhode Island Watershed Watch......Page 276
Community Streamwatch (Australia)......Page 277
8.5 The watches......Page 280
8.6 What value have the community-based environmental monitoring programmes?......Page 283
8.7 Conditions for success......Page 284
8.8 A future for community-based ecological monitoring?......Page 285
9.2 Long-term population studies......Page 294
Sampling, recording and interpretation......Page 302
Bird census and surveillance programmes......Page 306
Data collection, analysis and interpretation......Page 307
The Red Data Books......Page 315
Rare plant monitoring and conservation in the USA......Page 317
9.5 Fisheries and ecological monitoring......Page 321
9.6 Freshwater biological monitoring......Page 323
The water quality index......Page 325
Toxicity testing......Page 326
Classification of rivers and lakes for monitoring and surveillance......Page 330
RIVPACS......Page 331
9.7 Monitoring effects of oil refinery aqueous effluents......Page 337
10.1 Introduction......Page 340
10.2 Environmental impact assessments and strategic environmental assessments......Page 341
10.3 History of environmental impact and strategic environmental assessments......Page 342
10.4 The process of environmental impact assessment......Page 344
1. Legal, policy, planning and consultation issues......Page 351
(i) Statutory requirements......Page 352
(vi) Recognition of the functions and values of nature......Page 353
(ix) Surveys and sampling effort......Page 354
(xi) Species......Page 355
(xiv) Data reliability and confidence limits......Page 356
(xix) Communicating the results......Page 357
Ecological monitoring of coastal communities......Page 358
Ecological monitoring of rocky shores......Page 360
10.7 Research and development......Page 363
Use of Terms......Page 366
Principle......Page 367
Identification and Monitoring......Page 368
In-situ Conservation......Page 369
Sustainable Use of Components of Biological Diversity......Page 370
Public Education and Awareness......Page 371
Access to Genetic Resources......Page 372
Access to and Transfer of Technology......Page 373
Technical and Scientific Co-operation......Page 374
Financial Resources......Page 375
Financial Mechanism......Page 376
Conference of the Parties......Page 377
Subsidiary Body on Scientific, Technical and Technological Advice......Page 379
Adoption of Protocols......Page 380
Adoption and Amendment of Annexes......Page 381
Relationship between this Convention and Its Protocols......Page 382
Accession......Page 383
Withdrawals......Page 384
Authentic Texts......Page 385
References......Page 386
Index......Page 408