Mongolian

Mongolian......Page 1
Editorial page......Page 2
Title page......Page 3
LCC data......Page 4
Table of contents......Page 5
Preface......Page 9
Figures and tables......Page 11
Symbols and abbreviations......Page 13
Map......Page 15
1.1 The geographical context......Page 17
1.2 The Mongolic language family......Page 18
1.3 Common Mongolic......Page 20
1.4 The literary languages......Page 22
1.5 Dialectal division......Page 24
1.6 The oral standards......Page 25
1.7 The demographic situation......Page 27
1.8 Interaction with other languages......Page 28
1.9 The languages of Outer Mongolia......Page 30
1.10 The languages of Inner Mongolia......Page 31
1.11 Sources on Mongolian......Page 32
1.12 Sources on Mongolic......Page 34
2.1 Orthographical systems......Page 37
2.2 Principles of notation......Page 38
2.3 The phonological framework......Page 40
2.4 Basic consonants......Page 42
2.5 Consonant phonetics......Page 44
2.6 Basic vowels......Page 46
2.7 Vowel neutralizations......Page 49
2.8 Long monophthongs......Page 51
2.9 Diphthongs......Page 53
2.10 Vowels of non-initial syllables......Page 55
2.11 Consonant palatalization......Page 57
2.12 Vowel palatalization......Page 60
2.13 Palatal breaking......Page 62
2.14 The status of the palatal glide......Page 63
2.15 The status of the labial glide......Page 65
2.16 Velars and postvelars......Page 68
2.17 Syllable-final nasals......Page 70
3.1 Typological orientation......Page 73
3.2 Parts of speech......Page 74
3.3 Types of segmental alternations......Page 76
3.4 Stem types......Page 77
3.5 Nasal stems......Page 80
3.6 The unstable nasal......Page 82
3.7 The reduced vowel......Page 85
3.8 Stable consonant clusters......Page 89
3.9 Consonant phonotactics......Page 92
3.10 Vowel harmony......Page 94
3.11 Connective consonants......Page 98
3.12 Connective vowels......Page 99
3.13 Types of bound morphemes......Page 101
3.14 Prosody and juncture......Page 105
3.15 Phonological emphasis......Page 107
4.1 Categories of nominal morphology......Page 111
4.2 Nominal derivation......Page 112
4.3 Plural marking......Page 115
4.4 Generic rhymes......Page 118
4.5 The case system......Page 120
4.6 Case marking......Page 122
4.7 Paradigms with the unstable nasal......Page 126
4.8 Double declension......Page 129
4.9 The marked nominative......Page 130
4.10 Adjectival morphology......Page 133
4.11 Alliterative particles......Page 135
4.12 Spatial morphology......Page 137
4.13 Numeral morphology......Page 141
4.14 Non-personal pronouns......Page 145
4.15 Personal pronouns......Page 149
4.16 Personal possessor marking......Page 153
4.17 Reflexive possessor marking......Page 156
5.1 Categories of verbal morphology......Page 159
5.2 Verbal derivation......Page 161
5.3 Voice marking......Page 163
5.4 Modal markers......Page 167
5.5 Tense-aspect markers......Page 172
5.6 The nominalization of verbals......Page 175
5.7 The converbialization of verbals......Page 179
5.8 Quasiconverbs......Page 185
5.9 Ambivalent non-finite forms......Page 188
5.10 Auxiliaries......Page 189
5.11 Defective verbs......Page 191
5.12 Synthetic periphrastic forms......Page 192
5.13 Negation marking on verbals......Page 196
5.14 Interrogation marking on verbals......Page 199
6.1 Types of phrases......Page 201
6.2 The basic nominal phrase......Page 202
6.3 Binomes and appositions......Page 205
6.4 Phrases with numeral headwords......Page 207
6.5 Phrases with spatial headwords......Page 210
6.6 Phrases with pronominal headwords......Page 212
6.7 Phrases with adjectival headwords......Page 213
6.8 Postpositional phrases......Page 215
6.9 The basic verbal phrase......Page 220
6.10 Object marking......Page 221
6.11 Adverbial marking......Page 224
6.12 Adverbal invariables......Page 227
6.13 Complex verbal predicates......Page 231
6.14 The syntax of clitics......Page 233
6.15 Coordinating conjunctions......Page 236
7.1 Types of clauses......Page 239
7.2 The basic finite clause......Page 240
7.3 The imperative clause......Page 242
7.4 The nominal clause......Page 244
7.5 The existential clause......Page 247
7.6 Possessive constructions......Page 249
7.7 Topicalization and topic marking......Page 251
7.8 Finite tense and aspect......Page 254
7.9 Evidentiality......Page 260
7.10 Passivization......Page 262
7.11 Causative constructions......Page 264
7.12 The syntax of negation......Page 266
7.13 The syntax of interrogation......Page 270
7.14 Final particles......Page 272
8.1 Types of complex sentences......Page 279
8.2 Coordination and subordination......Page 280
8.3 Clausal modifiers......Page 282
8.4 Predicative complements......Page 285
8.5 Conjunct relativization......Page 287
8.6 Disjunct relativization......Page 288
8.7 Nominal relativization......Page 291
8.8 Referative constructions......Page 293
8.9 Conjunct serialization......Page 295
8.10 Disjunct serialization......Page 297
8.11 Quotative constructions......Page 299
8.12 Subordinating conjunctions......Page 302
8.13 Discursive connectors......Page 303
Text sample......Page 307
Sample paradigms......Page 313
Chart of letters......Page 317
Bibliography......Page 321
Grammatical index......Page 329