Molecular logic-based computation

Cover......Page 1
Contents......Page 14
1.2 Early Proposals for Molecular Logic......Page 20
1.3 Photochemical Approach to Molecular Logic and Computation......Page 24
References......Page 26
2.1 Introduction......Page 31
2.2 Why Molecules?......Page 34
2.4 Indicators and Sensors......Page 37
2.5 The Digital–Analogue Relationship in Chemical Systems......Page 38
2.6 Molecular Device Characteristics......Page 39
References......Page 40
3.1 Introduction......Page 43
3.2.1 Single Input–Single Output Devices......Page 44
3.2.2 Double Input–Single Output Devices......Page 45
3.3 Logic Gates in Electronics......Page 48
3.4 Number Manipulation......Page 50
References......Page 52
4.1 Introduction......Page 53
4.2 Excited States Involving Charge Transfer......Page 54
4.4 np* and pp* Excited States......Page 56
4.5 Photoinduced Electron Transfer (PET)......Page 57
4.7 Excimers and Exciplexes......Page 60
4.8 Vibrational Deexcitation and Excited State Intramolecular Proton Transfer (ESIPT)......Page 61
4.9 Relationships between some of the Photochemical Principles used in Switching......Page 62
References......Page 63
5.2.1 Electronic Input......Page 69
5.2.2 Chemical Input......Page 70
5.2.3 Temperature Input......Page 93
5.2.4 Light Dose Input......Page 95
5.3 Irreversible YES......Page 96
5.3.1 Chemical Input......Page 97
5.4.2 Chemical Input......Page 102
5.4.3 Temperature Input......Page 109
5.4.4 Light Dose Input......Page 110
5.5 Irreversible NOT......Page 111
5.5.2 Oligonucleotide Input......Page 112
5.5.3 Protein Input......Page 113
5.7 PASS 0......Page 114
References......Page 115
6.2 Nature of Inputs......Page 128
6.3 Output Observation Technique......Page 130
References......Page 131
7.2 AND......Page 133
7.2.1 Distinguishable and Separate Inputs......Page 134
7.2.2 Indistinguishable and Separate Inputs......Page 148
7.2.3 Distinguishable and Connected Inputs......Page 151
7.2.4 Indistinguishable and Connected Inputs......Page 153
7.2.5 Light Dose Input(s)......Page 155
7.2.6 Biopolymeric AND Gates......Page 160
7.2.7 AND Gates using Molecule-based Materials......Page 162
7.3 OR......Page 164
7.3.1 OR Gates using Molecule-based Materials......Page 170
7.4 NOR......Page 171
7.5 NAND......Page 175
7.6 INHIBIT......Page 180
7.6.1 INHIBIT Gates using Molecule-based Materials......Page 186
7.7 XOR......Page 188
7.7.1 Light Dose Input(s)......Page 192
7.7.2 XOR Gates using Molecule-based Materials......Page 193
7.8 XNOR......Page 194
7.9 IMPLICATION......Page 195
7.10 TRANSFER......Page 198
7.11 NOT TRANSFER......Page 199
References......Page 200
8.2 Module Connectivity within Device......Page 214
8.3 Functional Group Connectivity within Input Array......Page 216
8.4 Functional Group Configuration within Input Array......Page 217
8.5 Nature of Inputs......Page 218
8.6 Output Observation Technique......Page 221
8.7.1 Observation Wavelength......Page 223
8.8 Starting State of Device......Page 224
8.9 Applied Voltage or Redox Reagents......Page 226
References......Page 227
9.2 Half-adder......Page 229
9.3 Half-subtractor......Page 238
9.5 Magnitude Comparator......Page 242
9.6 Reversible Logic......Page 243
References......Page 244
10.1 Introduction......Page 247
10.2 Three-input AND......Page 249
10.3 Three-input OR......Page 252
10.4 Three-input NOR......Page 254
10.5 Three-input INHIBIT......Page 255
10.7 Three-input Enabled OR......Page 259
10.8 Three-input Enabled NOR......Page 261
10.9 Three-input Enabled IMPLICATION with Wavelength-Reconfigurability......Page 263
10.10 Three-input Disabled OR with Wavelength-Reconfigurability......Page 264
10.11 Three-input Disabled INHIBIT......Page 266
10.12 Three-input Disabled XNOR......Page 267
10.13 Three-input Disabled IMPLICATION......Page 268
10.15 2 : 1 Multiplexer and 1 : 2 Demultiplexer......Page 272
10.17 Four-input AND......Page 276
10.18 Four-input Doubly Disabled AND......Page 278
10.19 4-to-2 Encoder and 2-to-4 Decoder......Page 279
10.20 Other Four-Input (and Higher) Systems......Page 282
10.21.1 Combined Half-adder and Half-subtractor......Page 286
10.21.2 Full-adder......Page 289
10.21.3 Combined Full-adder and Full-subtractor......Page 291
10.22 Gaming Systems: Tic-tac-toe......Page 294
References......Page 295
11.2 R–S Latch......Page 304
11.3 D Latch......Page 309
11.4 Molecular Keypad Lock......Page 311
References......Page 317
12.2 ‘Off–on–off’ Switching Systems......Page 321
12.3 Other Variants......Page 327
References......Page 331
13.2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Approach......Page 335
13.3.1 Internal Charge Transfer (ICT) systems......Page 337
13.3.2 Electronic Energy Transfer (EET) Systems......Page 345
13.3.3 Excimer and Exciplex Systems......Page 349
13.4 Raman Spectroscopy Approach......Page 350
References......Page 352
14.1 Introduction......Page 355
14.2.1 Tracking Species and Properties within Cells and in Tissue......Page 356
14.2.2 Measuring Blood Electrolytes......Page 362
14.2.3 Monitoring Air Pressure on Aerofoils......Page 363
14.2.4 Sensing Marine Toxins......Page 364
14.2.5 Monitoring Nuclear Waste Components......Page 365
14.2.7 Detecting Chemical Warfare Agents......Page 367
14.3.1 Improved Sensing with AND Logic......Page 368
14.3.2 Improved Sensing with Superposed AND, INHIBIT and TRANSFER Logic......Page 372
14.3.3 Near-simultaneous Monitoring of Multiple Species with XOR Logic......Page 373
14.4 Identification of Small Objects in Populations......Page 375
14.5 Improved Medical Diagnostics......Page 378
14.6 Improved Therapy......Page 383
14.7 Photodynamic Therapy......Page 385
14.7.1 Targeted Photodynamic Therapy......Page 386
14.8 Intracellular Computation......Page 389
14.9 Conclusion......Page 393
References......Page 394
List of Abbreviations and Glossary......Page 403
Subject Index......Page 406