Modernity, the Environment, and the Christian Just War Tradition

Cover
Half-title page
Title page
Copyright page
Contents
Acknowledgments
Introduction: Troubling a Tradition: The Failings of the Modern Narrative of the Christian Just War Tradition
	The Conventional Narrative of the Christian Just War Tradition
	Assessing the Conventional Narrative
	Just War Thinking, Just War Traditions, and Just War Theories
	The Whispered Historicity of Modern Just War Theory
	The Christian Just War Tradition in a New Social Imaginary
	Imaging a New Social Imaginary
	A Map to Aid in Reading this Book
1 Engaging the Other: Francisco de Vitoria and the Age of Conquest
	Locating Vitoria in His Time and Place
	The Significance of Vitoria’s Place and Time
	De Indis and De Iure Belli
	Four Insights from De Indis on War and the Ownership of Possessions
	De Indis and Justifications for the Use of Force in Taking Property
	Vitoria’s De Iure Belli in a New World
	Paternalistic Wars, Uncertainty, and Engagements with the Other
	The Ius Gentium, the Ius Natural, and the Complexities of International Law
	Simultaneous Ostensible Justice, Humanist Thought, and the Limits of Reflexivity
	Rationality, Sociality, and the (Modern) Shift from Metaphysics to Politics
	The Damaging Triumphs of Politics and Objectification: Othering the Other
	Alienation and the Shaping of Property within the Early Modern Just War Tradition
	The Changing Impact of Alienation within the Just War Tradition
2 Understanding the Self: Hugo Grotius and the Birth of the Secular
	A Starting Point for Locating Grotius: The Overlaps of Vitoria and Grotius
	The Rich Life of Hugo Grotius
	The Shape of De Jure Belli ac Pacis
	Grotius’ (Almost) Modern Self: (Almost) Unique and Universal
	Grotius’ (Almost) Modern Self: The Basis for a Just War Theory
	Social Change, Early Modern War, and Grotius’ (Almost) Modern Self
	Grotius, Selfhood, and the Changing Shape of European Politics
	Grotius, Selfhood, and The Social Changes that Shaped International Law
	Just War Criteria, Just War Theory, and Modernity
	The Shifting Place of Christian Thought in the Move from Tradition to Theory
	A Grotian Anthropology and the Shape of Modernity
	Grotius, Property, and War
	Grotius, Justice, and a World of Scarcities
	Grotius, War, and Refugees
	Refugees, Agency, and Causation
	Missing the Nonhuman Natural World: A Lacuna in Early Modern Just War Thinking
3 Shaping the State: The US Constitution as a Christian Just War Document
	Shaping a State of States: Origins and Structures of the US Constitution
	Shaping Modern States in an Age of Constitutions
	People Create Laws and Laws Create a People
	The US Constitution as a Just War Document
	Just War Thinking in the Original Articles
	Just War Thinking in the Bill of Rights
	Just War Thinking and the Christian Just War Tradition after the Bill of Rights
	From Thought to Tradition to Theory and Back: The US Constitution as a Just War Document
	Environmental Blindness: Constitutional Just War Thinking and the Limits of Sovereignty
	Modern Sovereignties, Diffused Authority, and the Conditions for Environmental Crises
	Sovereignty and the Wicked Problem of Climate Change
	Climate Change and the Wicked Paradox of Nonstate Actors in a Nation-State World
	Climate Change and the Wicked Paradox of Global Inequities
	Climate Change and the Wicked Paradox of Sovereignty Promoting Violence
4 State Time/Secular Time: The US Constitution as a Christian Just War Document
	Two Ways that the US Constitution Is Not a “Christian” Document
	Schmitt, Political Theology, and the Power to Determine Exceptions
	Schmitt’s Political Theology: Joining Wicked Politics to Bad Theology
	Changing Metaphors: The US Constitution and a Theology of Law
	The US Constitution, Power, and Temporal Deferral
	Temporal Deferrals and the Christian Posture of Political Theology
	A First Implication of This (Theological) Temporal Posture: Deferral as Delay
	A Second Implication of This (Theological) Temporal Posture: Confusing Optimism and Hope
	A Third Implication of This (Christian) Temporal Posture: Freedom as Fetish
5 Christian Just War Thinking and Modernity
	The Shape of Modern Thought: Autonomy, Universalizability, Instrumentalism, Immanence
	Ideas and Their Impacts on Modernity and War
	The Christian Just War Tradition and Modernity
	Modernity, Violence, and the Environment
	Thinking Theologically about Contemporary Ambiguities of the Christian Just War Tradition
6 Historical Roots and Roads Not Taken: An Environmental History of (Part of) the Christian Just War Tradition
	Christianity, the Nonhuman Natural World, and Lynn White’s Thesis
	The Shaping of Environmental History
	The Coevolution of the Natural World and Late Medieval Christian Just War Thought
	Land, Wood, and Water
	Ores and Metals
	Late Medieval Understandings of Nature in Christian Just War Thought
	The Nonhuman Natural World as Resource
	The Nonhuman Natural World as Brake
	The Nonhuman Natural World as Enemy
	The Nonhuman Natural World as Collection of Signs
	Silences around the Nonhuman Natural World after 1500
	The Nonhuman Natural World’s Roles in Colonization and Conquest
	The Role of the Militaries in Environmental Imperialism
	Climate Change and Early Modern European Imperialisms
	Redux: Rereading (and Revising) Lynn White
7 Renarrating the Christian Just War Tradition
	Just War Thinking as Moral Precipitate: Shaping a Theology of “Tradition”
	Interpreting the Sign That Is the “Great Man” Myth of History
	Aristotle and Greek Perceptions of the Nonhuman Natural World
	Cicero and the Roman Climate Optimum
	Augustine and Nature’s War on Rome
	Gratian and Twelfth-Century Environmental Stability
	Thomas and the Reordering of Politics and Nature
	Ramsey, New World Orders, and the Exploitations of Nature
	Environmental History Enriching the Christian Just War Narrative
Afterword
Select Bibliography
Index