Modern Written Arabic: A Comprehensive Grammar

Cover
About the Book
Modern Written Arabic: A Comprehensive Grammar
Copyright
     © 2004 El-Said Badawi, Michael G. Carter and Adrian Gully
     PJ307.G85 2002492.7'8242 .. dc21
     ISBN 0415130859 (pbk)
     ISBN 0415130840 (hbk)
Contents
Acknowledgements
List of abbreviations
Introduction
     Readership
     Issues of definition
     Principles of the book
     Data, sources and principles of selection
     Relationship to other works
     Transliteration
     Presentation
     Translation
     Technical matters
     Arrangement and use
1 Forms
     1.0 Introduction
     1.1 Phonology
     1.2 Orthography
     1.3 Punctuation
     1.4 Morphology
     1.5 Inflection
     1.6 Uninflected words: particles
     1.7 Uninflected and partially inflected nominals
     1.8 Inflected classes
     1.9 Verb morphology
     1.10 Derived stems
     1.11 Noun patterns, deverbatives
     1.12 Morphosyntactic categories: number, gender, definiteness, case, agreement
2 Noun Phrase Structure
     2.0 Noun phrase, general characterization
     2.1 Adjectival qualification
     2.2 Apposition
     2.3 Annexation
     2.4 Dependent elements
     2.5 Adverbs and adverbials
     2.6 Prepositions
     2.7 Prepositionals
     2.8 Emphasizers
     2.9 Nominal determiners
     2.10 Verbal noun and participial phrases
     2.11 Comparatives and superlatives
     2.12 Cardinal numbers
     2.13 Ordinal numbers
     2.14 Miscellaneous numerical items
     2.15 Vocatives
     2.16 Exclamations
     2.17 Oaths and exclamations
     2.18 Negative nouns
     2.19 Coordination (phrasal)
     2.20 Other phrasal units
3 The Basic Sentence
     3.0 Introduction
     3.1 Equational sentence
     3.2 Equational sentence modifiers
     3.3 Topic-comment sentences
     3.4 Anticipatory pronoun .amir al-ša ’n ..................
     3.5 Separating pronoun .amir al-fa.l ..................
     3.6 Negative equational sentences
     3.7 Basic verbal sentence
     3.8 Verbal agreement in number and gender
     3.9 Agent emphasis
     3.10 Aspect and tense
     3.11 Transitivity and intransitivity
     3.12 Passive verbs
     3.13 Reflexive verbs
     3.14 Reciprocity
     3.15 Impersonal, auxiliary and modal verbs
     3.16 kana ................ ‘be’
     3.17 Verbs of becoming and duration
     3.18 Verbs of existence
     3.19 Verbs of non-existence
     3.20 Verbs Denoting ‘can’, ‘be able’, ‘want’
     3.21 Verbs Denoting ‘again’, ‘still’, ‘nearly’, ‘hardly’, ‘almost’
     3.22 Verbs of beginning and continuing
     3.23 Other compound verbs and idiomatic structures
     3.24 Miscellaneous verb phrases and structures
     3.25 Optatives
     3.26 Energetic form and oaths
     3.27 Exclamatory verbs
     3.28 Exclamatory sentences with wa- .., rubba ......, kam ...., and other interrogatives
     3.29 Dependent noun objects and complements
     3.30 Restrictives
     3.31 ’i.a ...... and’i. .... of surprise
4 Negatives
     4.0 Introduction
     4.1 Nominal sentences
     4.2 Negatives in verbal sentences
     4.3 Negative of kana ......
     4.4 Prohibitions
     4.5 Optatives
     4.6 Exceptives
     4.7 Resumptive negatives
     4.8 Negative interrogative sentences
     4.9 Calque ‘not only ... but also’
5 Adjectival and Relative Clauses
     5.0 General principles
     5.1 Relative clauses with indefinite heads
     5.2 Relative clauses with definite heads
     5.3 Nominal relative clauses
     5.4 The Indefinite Pronouns man ........ ‘he who’ and ma .... ‘that which’
     5.5 Idiomatic combinations
     5.6 Further functions of relative ma ....
     5.7 Idiomatic combinations of relative ma ...... with prepositionals
     5.8 Quasi-compounds with relative ma .... as the secondelement
     5.9 Compound subordinating conjunctions with ma .... andpreposition(al)
6 Coordinated Sentences
     6.0 Introduction
     6.1 Asyndetic coordination
     6.2 Syndetic coordination
     6.3 With fa- .... ‘and so’, ‘and then’
     6.4 With .umma ....
     6.5 With lakin(na) .......... ‘but’
     6.6 With bal ....
     6.7 With ’aw .... and ’am .... ‘or’
     6.8 With ’imma ........
     6.9 WITH la siyyama .............. ‘especially’
     6.10 With sawa’un ... ’a, ’am, or ’aw ... ... .................................... ‘it is the same whether ... or ...’
     6.11 With .atta ........ ‘even’
     6.12 Negative coordinating conjunctions
7 Subordination
     7.0 General principles
     7.1 Classification of subordinate clauses
     7.2 Nominalized and non-nominalized clauses
     7.3 Circumstantial qualifiers
     7.4 Final subordinate syndetic verbal clauses
     7.5 ’an .... .. and ’anna ......
     7.6 Further simple subordinators
     7.7 Comparative subordinators
     7.8 Annexation of temporal and locative adverbs to sentences
8 Conditionals
     8.0 General conditional syntax
     8.1 ’in ...... ‘if’
     8.2 law ... la- .................. ‘if [only]’
     8.3 ’i.a ...... ‘if’, ‘when’
     8.4 Elliptical conditional wa-’illa ...... ‘if not’, ‘if it is not the case’
     8.5 Indefinite conditionals
     8.6 Concessive clauses
     8.7 Conditionals in reported speech
9 Exceptives
     9.0 General principles
     9.1 isti.na’ mufarrag ‘Exception without antecedent’
     9.2 isti.na’ mutta.il ‘continuous exception’: Positive
     9.3 isti.na’ mutta.il ‘continuous exception’: Negative
     9.4 Inter-Clausal ’illa ....
     9.5 Other exceptive elements
10 Interrogatives, Indirect Speech
     10.0 Introduction
     10.1 Questions with ’a- ..
     10.2 Questions with hal ....
     10.3 man ........ ‘who’
     10.4 ma .... ‘WHAT’
     10.5 ma .... in shortened form
     10.6 ’ayyu ...... ‘which?’, ‘what?’
     10.7 kam ........ ‘how much?’, ‘how many?’
     10.8 ’ayna ...... ‘where?’
     10.9 kayfa ...... ‘how?’
     10.10 mata ...... ‘when?’
     10.11 ’anna ........ ‘how?’
     10.12 Answers to questions
     10.13 Rhetorical questions
     10.14 Direct speech
     10.15 Indirect speech
     10.16 Indirect questions
     10.17 Indirect yes-no questions
     10.18 Indirect questions with man .... ,man ....,ma[.a] ............
     10.19 ’i.a ...... etc. in yes–no Indirect Questions
     10.20 sawa’un .......... with indirect question syntax
11 Hypersentence and Discourse
     11.0 Introduction
     11.1 With resumptive fa- ....
     11.2 Without resumptive fa- .... with wa- .. ‘and’
     11.3 wa-’illa fa- ............
     11.4 Parenthetical phrases and clauses
     11.5 Cohesive reiteration
     11.6 Explanation (tafsir)
     11.7 Issues of style
     11.8 Idioms involving repetition
12 Lexicon
     12.0 Introduction
     12.1 Loan words
     12.2 Adjectival suffix -i (nisba)
     12.3 Adjectival suffix -awi
     12.4 Nouns with suffix -iyya
     12.5 Compound structures
     12.6 Negative compound nouns and adjectives
     12.7 Compound adjectives
     12.8 Extension of existing verbal patterns
     12.9 Morphological innovations
     12.10 Plurals
     12.11 Lexical innovations
     12.12 Semantic changes
Glossary
Bibliography
Arabic Index
Index