Modern Treatment Strategies for Marine Pollution: Recent Innovations

Title-page_2021_Modern-Treatment-Strategies-for-Marine-Pollution
	Modern Treatment Strategies for Marine Pollution
Copyright_2021_Modern-Treatment-Strategies-for-Marine-Pollution
	Copyright
Contents_2021_Modern-Treatment-Strategies-for-Marine-Pollution
	Contents
Foreword_2021_Modern-Treatment-Strategies-for-Marine-Pollution
	Foreword
Preface_2021_Modern-Treatment-Strategies-for-Marine-Pollution
	Preface
		Purpose
		Background
		Organization
		Concept
Acknowledgement_2021_Modern-Treatment-Strategies-for-Marine-Pollution
	Acknowledgement
Case-study-on-marine-pollutants-and_2021_Modern-Treatment-Strategies-for-Mar
	Case study on marine pollutants and its impacts
		Case study 1: Evaluating the ocean cleanup in cleaning marine debris in North Pacific Gyre using SWOT analysis
		Introduction
		SWOT analysis
		Case examination
		Strengths
		Weakness
		Opportunities
		Threats
		Conclusion
		Case study 2: Microplastics pollution after the removal of the Costa Concordia wreck: first evidence from a biomonitoring c...
Chapter-one---Introduction-to-mari_2021_Modern-Treatment-Strategies-for-Mari
	one Introduction to marine biology
		1.1 Introduction
			1.1.1 Nature of seawater
			1.1.2 Categories of marine ecosystem
			1.1.3 Presence of biotic and abiotic components in marine biota
				1.1.3.1 Temperature
				1.1.3.2 Nutrient concentration
				1.1.3.3 Influence of CO2 levels
				1.1.3.4 Melting of ice
				1.1.3.5 Miscellaneous factors
			1.1.4 Nature of biota in seawater
			1.1.5 Environmental factors influencing the marine ecosystem
			1.1.6 Anthropogenic factors influencing marine ecosystem
			1.1.7 Biotic and abiotic interaction
				1.1.7.1 Physical processes
				1.1.7.2 Biological processes
			1.1.8 Different types of interaction in marine biota
				1.1.8.1 Interactions at physicochemical levels
				1.1.8.2 Interaction at organism level
				1.1.8.3 Interaction at ecosystem level
			1.1.9 Blueprint on marine pollution
				1.1.9.1 Facts and figures on marine pollution
		1.2 Conclusion
		References
Chapter-two---Biological-and-chemical-im_2021_Modern-Treatment-Strategies-fo
	two Biological and chemical impacts on marine biology
		2.1 Introduction
		2.2 Categories of pollutants in marine environment
			2.2.1 Chemical compounds
			2.2.2 Oil spills
			2.2.3 Solid substances
			2.2.4 Radioactive waste
		2.3 Effect of plastic debris
			2.3.1 Classes of plastic debris
			2.3.2 Sources of plastics in marine environment
			2.3.3 Sources of ocean-based debris
			2.3.4 Sources of land-based emission
			2.3.5 Degradation of plastic debris in marine environment
			2.3.6 Impacts of plastic debris in the marine environment
				2.3.6.1 Mechanical impacts
				2.3.6.2 Ingestion
				2.3.6.3 Chemical impacts
		2.4 Nitrogen and phosphorous imbalance
			2.4.1 Ocean acidification
			2.4.2 Dead zones
			2.4.3 Human/animal health
		2.5 Evolution of oil spills/oil dispersant and its impacts
			2.5.1 Fate of oil spills in marine environment
			2.5.2 Impacts of oil spills in marine water bodies
		2.6 Organic contaminants interaction with marine biota
		2.7 Key problems in marine ecosystem
		2.8 Ocean acidification and its impacts
			2.8.1 Impacts of ocean acidification
			2.8.2 Factors affecting ocean acidification
		2.9 Shipbreaking and recycling industries
			2.9.1 Impacts of released pollutants from shipbreaking
			2.9.2 Factors affecting shipbreaking pollutants
		2.10 Eco-cycle communication between pollutants and biota
		2.11 Conclusion
		References
Chapter-three---Detection-and-monitorin_2021_Modern-Treatment-Strategies-for
	three Detection and monitoring of marine pollution
		3.1 Introduction
		3.2 Importance on identification of marine pollution
		3.3 Factors monitored with respect to marine pollution
		3.4 Remote sensing platform in monitoring marine pollution
			3.4.1 Remote sensing
			3.4.2 Types of sensors
			3.4.3 Remote-sensing platform
				3.4.3.1 Airborne sensors
				3.4.3.2 Spaceborne sensors
			3.4.4 Remote sensing in principle and its role in ocean water monitoring
			3.4.5 Application of remote sensing
		3.5 Analytical techniques in identifying pollutants
			3.5.1 Basics in analytical techniques
			3.5.2 Physical characterization of marine pollutants identification
				3.5.2.1 Microscopy
			3.5.3 Chemical characterization of marine pollutants identification
				3.5.3.1 Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy
				3.5.3.2 Raman spectroscopy
				3.5.3.3 Carbon:Hydrogen:Nitrogen (C:H:N) analysis
				3.5.3.4 Thermal analysis
		3.6 Electrochemical detection of marine pollutants
			3.6.1 Basics in electrochemical detection of marine pollutants
			3.6.2 Structure of sensor
			3.6.3 Application of sensors for identifying marine pollutants
		3.7 Computational models in detecting marine pollution
			3.7.1 Introduction to computational models
			3.7.2 Objective of numerical modelling
			3.7.3 Oil spill models
			3.7.4 Plastics or marine debris model
		3.8 Cyclodextrin-promoted fluorescence modulation
			3.8.1 Promotion of fluorescence modulation
			3.8.2 Principle behind operation
			3.8.3 General procedure for detection
				3.8.3.1 Stage I
				3.8.3.2 Stage II
				3.8.3.3 Stage III
		3.9 Algal biosensor—bioindicator for organic pollutants
			3.9.1 Principle behind operation—an algal biosensor
			3.9.2 Stages in bioassay detection
			3.9.3 Use of algal bioindicator
		3.10 Bioluminescent bacteria—biomarker for organic pollutants
			3.10.1 Principle of operation of bioluminescent bacteria
			3.10.2 Development of bioluminescent bacteria for detection of heavy metals and pesticides
			3.10.3 Uses of bioluminescent bacteria
		3.11 Microfluidic device integrated with algal fluorescence for pesticide detection
			3.11.1 Steps in the fabrication of device
			3.11.2 Uses of microfluidic device with algal film
		3.12 Application of ultraviolet fluorescence spectroscopy—oil/mineral aggregate formation
			3.12.1 Sample application process
			3.12.2 Basic code behind in detecting oil–mineral aggregates
			3.12.3 Interference in ultraviolet fluorescence spectroscopy
		3.13 Direct observation of marine debris—application of various platforms
			3.13.1 Satellites, aircraft and drones
			3.13.2 Ships
			3.13.3 Autonomous platforms
			3.13.4 Fixed point observations
			3.13.5 Benthic landers and crawlers
			3.13.6 Shoreline monitoring and beachcombing
		3.14 Conclusion
		References
Chapter-four---Oil-spill-clea_2021_Modern-Treatment-Strategies-for-Marine-Po
	four Oil spill clean-up
		4.1 Introduction to oil spills and its contamination
		4.2 Treatment methodologies followed for removing oil spills from marine water
		4.3 Oil spill removal using sorbents
			4.3.1 Introduction to sorption
			4.3.2 Classification of adsorbents
			4.3.3 Organic and agro-based products
			4.3.4 Synthetic adsorbents
			4.3.5 Inorganic adsorbents
			4.3.6 Nanoparticles as adsorbents
			4.3.7 Biosorbents
		4.4 Microbial degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons
			4.4.1 Introduction to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and its effects in marine biota
			4.4.2 Factors influencing bioremdiation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
				4.4.2.1 Temperature
				4.4.2.2 pH
				4.4.2.3 Oxygen
			4.4.3 Aerobic degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
			4.4.4 Anaerobic degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
			4.4.5 Common microbes involved in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon degradation
			4.4.6 Fertilizers enhanced biodegradation
			4.4.7 Efficacy in the use of bioremediation
		4.5 Application of biosurfactants in removing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
			4.5.1 Introduction to biosurfactants
			4.5.2 Classification of biosurfactants
			4.5.3 Properties of surfactants
			4.5.4 Oil remediation using biosurfactants
		4.6 Sponges in removal of oil spills
		4.7 Floating foams in cleaning up oil spills
		4.8 Oil removal from marine environment using polymeric nanofibres
			4.8.1 Properties of polymeric nanofibres
			4.8.2 Mechanism of oil removal
		4.9 Oil removal using particulate interactions
			4.9.1 Role of flocculation—interaction with inorganic matters
			4.9.2 Biological flocculation in clearing oil spills
			4.9.3 Potential of suspended particle matter to increase settling rate of surface oil
		4.10 Chemical treatment using dispersants and emulsion breakers
		4.11 Thermal treatment
			4.11.1 Incineration
			4.11.2 Low-temperature thermal desorption
		4.12 Stabilization/solidification
		4.13 Soil vapour extraction
		4.14 Miscellaneous technologies in removing oil spills from water
		4.15 Conclusion
		References
Chapter-five---Ballast-water-man_2021_Modern-Treatment-Strategies-for-Marine
	five Ballast water management
		5.1 Introduction to ballast water
		5.2 Ballast water quality by international maritime organisation
		5.3 Regulations for ballast waste management
			5.3.1 International regime
			5.3.2 US federal domestic regime
		5.4 Ballast water treatment
			5.4.1 Primary treatment
			5.4.2 Mechanical treatment
			5.4.3 Chemical treatment
				5.4.3.1 Biocides
				5.4.3.2 Oxidizing biocides
					5.4.3.2.1 Chlorine
					5.4.3.2.2 Chlorine dioxide
					5.4.3.2.3 Ozone
			5.4.4 Electroionization magnetic separation
			5.4.5 Deoxygenation
		5.5 Ballast water management system using active substances
			5.5.1 Electrochlorination
				5.5.1.1 Reaction mechanism
				5.5.1.2 Chlorine gas
			5.5.2 Ozonation
			5.5.3 UV light
			5.5.4 Neutralization of active substance
		5.6 Ballast water exchange
			5.6.1 Sequential ballast water exchange
			5.6.2 Flow through ballast water exchange
		5.7 Problems associated with ballast water
			5.7.1 Sediments in ballast tanks
			5.7.2 Biofouling in the ballast tanks
			5.7.3 Larger organism in the tank
			5.7.4 Trap samples
		5.8 Conclusion
		References
Chapter-six---Pesticides-clea_2021_Modern-Treatment-Strategies-for-Marine-Po
	six Pesticides clean-up
		6.1 Introduction to pesticides pollution in marine environment
		6.2 Removal of pesticides from marine water using different methodologies
		6.3 Microbial degradation of pesticides in aquatic environment
			6.3.1 Various modes of bioremediation with microorganisms
				6.3.1.1 Strategies in accessing bioaugmentation
				6.3.1.2 Comparison of efficiencies of bioremediation in all three types
			6.3.2 Bacterial degradation of pesticides
			6.3.3 Fungal degradation of pesticides
			6.3.4 Enzymatic degradation of pesticides using microbes
		6.4 Photodegradation of pesticides
			6.4.1 Mechanism of degradation by hydroxyl radicals
			6.4.2 Degradation of some pesticides in sea water
		6.5 Nanocomposite membranes in removing pesticides from water
			6.5.1 Introduction to nanocomposite membrane in water purification
			6.5.2 Formation of nanocomposite membrane
			6.5.3 Application of nanocomposite membrane in removing pesticides from water
		6.6 Phytoremediation—an advanced biological treatment
			6.6.1 Mechanism involved in phytoremediation
			6.6.2 Active plants in removing pesticides
				6.6.2.1 Eichhornia crassipes
				6.6.2.2 Lemna minor
				6.6.2.3 Elodea canadensis
			6.6.3 Phytoremediation technology in organics
				6.6.3.1 Phytostabilization
				6.6.3.2 Rhizodegradation
				6.6.3.3 Phytovolatilization
			6.6.4 Factors that influence uptake and chemical reactions pesticides by plants
			6.6.5 Enhancement of phytoremediation
			6.6.6 Limitation of phytoremediation
		6.7 Mycodegradation
			6.7.1 Fungal development
			6.7.2 Mechanism of mycodegradation
		6.8 Conclusion
		References
Chapter-seven---Plastic-litters-_2021_Modern-Treatment-Strategies-for-Marine
	seven Plastic litters removal
		7.1 Introduction to plastic debris in marine water
		7.2 Sources of plastic litters
		7.3 Different settlement of plastic litters in ocean components
			7.3.1 Floating marine debris
			7.3.2 Seafloor
			7.3.3 Microplastics
		7.4 Persistence of plastic litters in ocean
		7.5 Some of the effects of plastics litter to marine biota
		7.6 Common types of plastic litters found in marine environment
		7.7 Biodegradation of plastic litters
			7.7.1 Introduction to biodegradability of plastics
			7.7.2 Potentially biodegradable plastics materials
			7.7.3 Measurement of biodegradation in plastics
				7.7.3.1 Enzymatic digestion
				7.7.3.2 Growth on plastic substrate as carbon source
				7.7.3.3 Radiolabelled carbon
			7.7.4 Overview on biodegradation of plastics and its mechanism
				7.7.4.1 Biotic factors
				7.7.4.2 Abiotic factors
			7.7.5 Biodegradation of synthetic plastic foams
		7.8 Role of floaters in plastic removal
		7.9 Plastic catcher—for floating debris
		7.10 In situ removal of plastics from marine system
		7.11 Marine debris in sea bed and its recovery
			7.11.1 Identification of plastics using probing device
			7.11.2 Removing plastics from shallow depth
		7.12 Plastic debris treatment
			7.12.1 Plastic recycling—marine debris management
			7.12.2 Mechanical recycling
				7.12.2.1 Fuel production using marine debris
			7.12.3 Energy recovery
				7.12.3.1 Thermal decomposition of plastic debris
			7.12.4 Chemical recycling
		7.13 Biodegradation of marine plastic debris by plastisphere
		7.14 Conclusion
		References
		Further reading
Chapter-eight---Microplastics-and-its-remov_2021_Modern-Treatment-Strategies
	eight Microplastics and its removal strategies from marine water
		8.1 Introduction
		8.2 Microplastics and its categories
		8.3 Sources and modes of transfer of microplastics in marine environment
		8.4 Properties and distribution of microplastics
		8.5 Changes in microplastics after degradation in marine ecosystem
		8.6 Impacts of microplastics in marine environment
			8.6.1 Microplastics ingestion
			8.6.2 Microplastics leachates
			8.6.3 Microplastics with adhered pollutants
			8.6.4 Aggregation of biofilm covered microplastics with marine biogenic particles
		8.7 Treatment protocols for marine microplastics
		8.8 Sorption/bioflocculation of microplastics on algal surface and with biopolymer
		8.9 Effective removal using metal based salt coagulation/ultrafiltration
		8.10 Electrocoagulation in extracting microbeads
		8.11 Alkoxy-silyl induced agglomeration—sustainable removal of microplastics
		8.12 Membrane process for microplastics removal
		8.13 Function of density separation in extracting microplastics from water
		8.14 Biological removal of microplastics
		8.15 Degradation using photochemical oxidation
		8.16 Miscellaneous treatment
			8.16.1 Degradation using functionalized carbon nanosprings
		8.17 Conclusion
		References
Chapter-nine---Removal-of-toxic-algal-bl_2021_Modern-Treatment-Strategies-fo
	nine Removal of toxic algal blooms from marine water
		9.1 Introduction
		9.2 Harmful effects of harmful algal bloom
			9.2.1 Ecologic concerns
			9.2.2 Economic concerns
			9.2.3 Public health concerns
		9.3 Algal blooms and its toxins
		9.4 Mechanism involved in occurrence of harmful algal bloom and its removal strategies
			9.4.1 Mechanism behind formation of harmful algal bloom
			9.4.2 Solutions for algal bloom control
		9.5 Removal of red tide organism using flocculants
			9.5.1 Cationic polymeric flocculant
			9.5.2 Clay
			9.5.3 Composite clay
			9.5.4 Composite sand
		9.6 Influence of low zinc, copper and iron ions in limiting bloom growth
			9.6.1 Effects of low concentration of trace metal in aquatic environment
			9.6.2 Trace metals serve as limiting nutrients
			9.6.3 Toxicity effects of trace metals
		9.7 Removal using coagulation–magnetic separation method
		9.8 Microorganism-based control of algal blooms
			9.8.1 Based on bacterial bioflocculation
			9.8.2 Based on fungal bioflocculation
			9.8.3 Removal/killing mechanism of microbes on harmful algal blooms
			9.8.4 Microbial aggregates for algal growth control
		9.9 Control of algal growth through ultrasound technology
		9.10 Triboelectric nanogenerator for algae removal using water wave energy
		9.11 Electrochemical treatment for removal of algae from water
		9.12 Miscellaneous removal of algal blooms and toxins from water
			9.12.1 Using seawater reverse osmosis technology
			9.12.2 Using vermiculite
		9.13 Conclusion
		References
Chapter-ten---Miscellaneous-technologies-for-r_2021_Modern-Treatment-Strateg
	ten Miscellaneous technologies for removing micropollutants from marine water
		10.1 Introduction
		10.2 Nanomembranes—removing contaminants from seawater
			10.2.1 Use of seawater in desalination process—as feed
			10.2.2 Methods adopted for fabricating nanomembranes
				10.2.2.1 Phase inversion
				10.2.2.2 Interfacial polymerization
				10.2.2.3 Track-etching
				10.2.2.4 Electrospinning
			10.2.3 Steps involved in desalination process
			10.2.4 Advanced materials involved in membrane removal
			10.2.5 Different nanomembrane and its uses
				10.2.5.1 Nanofibre membrane
				10.2.5.2 Nanocomposite membrane
				10.2.5.3 Thin-film composite membrane
				10.2.5.4 Aquaporin-based or biologically inspired membranes
		10.3 Powdered activated carbon pulsed blanket
		10.4 Role of bioemulsificant on oil spill removal
		10.5 Oil spill removal using skimmers by National Ocean and Atmospheric Administration
			10.5.1 Skimming
			10.5.2 In situ burning
			10.5.3 Chemical dispersant
		10.6 Marine acts and regulations
			10.6.1 Exclusive Economic Zone and Continental Shelf (Environmental Effects) Act 2012
			10.6.2 Regulations under the Exclusive Economic Zone and Continental Shelf (Environmental Effects) Act 2012
			10.6.3 Resource Management (Marine Pollution) Regulations 1998
		10.7 Marine pollution removal using new innovations as reported ideas
			10.7.1 Cleaning up oil spills with magnets and nanotechnology
			10.7.2 Illinois team Oil spill cleanup using skimming option
		10.8 Conclusion
		References
Appendix-1---List-of-abbreviat_2021_Modern-Treatment-Strategies-for-Marine-P
	Appendix 1 List of abbreviations
Appendix-2---List-of-symbo_2021_Modern-Treatment-Strategies-for-Marine-Pollu
	Appendix 2 List of symbols
Glossary_2021_Modern-Treatment-Strategies-for-Marine-Pollution
	Glossary
Index_2021_Modern-Treatment-Strategies-for-Marine-Pollution
	Index