Modern Thoracic Oncology

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Volume 1
	Contents
	Foreword
	List of Contributors
	A. Anatomy and Embryology
		Embryology and Anatomy of the Chest
			Early Development — The First Two Weeks of Gestation
			Embryonic Germ Layers — Week 3
			Somites, Lateral Mesoderm, and the Neural Tube — Week 4
			Heart and Cardiovascular System — Weeks 3 to 8
			Gut, Esophagus, Trachea, and Lungs — Week 3 to 8 Years
			Pharyngeal Arches and Thymus, Weeks 4 to 12
			Thoracic Walls — Weeks 4 to 8
			References
	B. Medical Evaluation of Thoracic Oncology Patients
		Pulmonary Evaluation of Thoracic Oncology Patients
			References
		Cardiac Evaluation of Thoracic Oncology Patients
			Introduction
			Cardiotoxicity of Cancer Therapies: Implications of Chemotherapy and Radiation
			Cardiac Assessment Prior to Surgical Therapy
			Pre-Operative Evaluation: Cardiac Risk Factors and Functional Status
			Pre-operative Coronary Revascularization: Indications and Management
			Perioperative Cardiac Medication Management
			References
		Evaluation of Elderly Patients
			Introduction
			Geriatric Assessment of Cancer Patients
			Assessment of Older Patients Needing Surgery
			References
	C. Imaging of the Thorax
		Standard Radiography
		Computed Tomography
			References
		Positron Emission Tomography (and PET/CT)
			References
		Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Thoracic Malignancies
			MRI Protocol for Thoracic Malignancies
			Indications
				Characterization and Staging of Mediastinal Tumors
				Characterization and Staging of Pleural Tumors
				Characterization and Staging of Chest Wall Tumors
					Osseous, cartilaginous, and muscular tumors
					Vascular tumors
					Neurogenic tumors
					Adipose tumors
				Characterization and Staging of Superior Sulcus Tumors
				Functional Assessment of Diaphragm
				Assessment of Pulmonary Vasculature and Cardiac Function in Preparation for Surgery
					MRI assessment of local tumor invasion
					Cardiac MRI
			References
		Ultrasonography
			Reference
		Imaging’s Contribution to Staging Thoracic Tumors
			Reference
	D. Principles of Thoracic Surgical Oncology
		Choosing Appropriate Resection for Operable Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
			References
		Thoracic Surgical Lymphadenectomy
			Defined Techniques of Complete Nodal Dissection
			Video-Assisted and Robotically Assisted Node Dissection
			Cervical Approaches: VAMLA/TEMLA
			Data on Lymph Node Sampling versus Complete Lymphadenectomy
			References
		The Role of Minimally Invasive Surgery
			Definition
			Lung Cancer
			Esophageal Cancer
			Thymic Malignancies
			Robotics
			Summary
			References
	E. Principles of Thoracic Radiation Oncology
		Radiation Treatment Planning and Delivery
			Introduction
			Simulation
			Treatment Planning
				Contouring
				Treatment Planning Strategies
			Target Dose and Normal Tissue Constraints
				Conventionally Fractionated Radiotherapy
				Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy
				Motion Management Strategies
			Quality Assurance and Patient Safety
			Image Guided Treatment Delivery
			Conclusion
			References
		Biological Basis of Clinical Radiation Oncology
			Introduction to Fractionation Radiobiology
			Biophysical Interpretation of Radiation Actions
			Altered Fractionation Strategies
			Dose Response Relationships
			Tissue Organization
			Heterogeneous Dose Distribution
			Precision-Oriented Radiation Therapy
			Special Considerations for Thoracic Irradiation
			References
		Radiation Toxicities and Management
			Introduction
				Acute versus late effects
			Pathophysiology of Normal Tissue Injury
				Lungs
				Esophagus
				Heart
				Brachial plexus and spinal cord
				Other normal tissue considerations
			Consequences of Concurrent Chemotherapy
			Mitigators of Normal Tissue Toxicity
				Minimizing target volumes
				Setting dose limits to normal structures
				Radioprotectants
					Amifostine
					Angiotensin inhibitors
					Concurrent smoking
			Stereotactic Radiotherapy (SBRT/SABR)
				Caution with central tumors
				Other reports with modest hypofractionation
			Managing Toxicities
				Pulmonary
				Esophageal
				Cardiac
			References
	F. Principles of Thoracic Medical Oncology
		Principles of Precision Medicine in Lung Cancer
			Introduction
			Driver Mutations in Lung Cancer
			Targeted Therapies
			Immunotherapy
			Response Assessment — Traditional Outcomes and Advancing Technologies
			Prevention
			References
		Commonly used Cytotoxic Agents in Thoracic Oncology
			Platina Salts
			Gemcitabine (dFdC) 2′, 2′-Difluorodeoxycytidine
			Pemetrexed
			Taxanes
			Vinorelbine
			Irinotecan
			Topotecan
			References
		Targeted Biological Agents and Mechanisms
			References
		PD-1 Immunotherapy in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
			Introduction
			Mechanism of Action
			Anti PD-1 and Anti PD-L1 Therapies in Advanced, Relapsed NSCLC
			Anti PD-1 as Frontline Treatment in Advanced NSCLC
			Toxicity of PD1/PDL-1 Blockade in NSCLC
			Conclusion
			References
		Adverse Effects Induced by EGFR-TKIs: Rash and Diarrhea — Their Management
			Effects of EGFR-TKI Inhibition on the Epidermis
			Dermatological Adverse Events Induced by EGFR-TKIs
				Acneiform Rash
				Local Care Management Strategies
				Pharmacologic Management Strategies
				Paronychia
				Local Care Management Strategies
				Pharmacologic Management Strategies
			Summary
			Diarrhea Induced by EGFR-TKIs
				Grading and Assessment of Diarrhea
				Management of Diarrhea
			Conclusion
			References
	G. Principles of Other Therapeutic Modalities
		Percutaneous Image-Guided Ablative Therapy
			Radiofrequency Ablation
				Outcomes
			Microwave Ablation
				Outcomes
			Cryoablation
				Outcomes
			Conclusion
			References
		Photodynamic Therapy
			Introduction
			History
			Mechanism of Action
			The Double-Edged Sword of Requiring Visible Light
			FDA-Approved PDT Applications in Thoracic Oncology
			Investigational Applications of PDT in Thoracic Oncology
			Conclusion and Future Challenges
			References
	H. Principles of Supportive and Palliative Care
		Nutrition
			Prevalence and Significance of Malnutrition
			Nutritional Screening and Assessment
			Nutritional Support
			Oral Nutrition
			Enteral and Parenteral Nutrition
			Palliative Surgery and Intraluminal Stents
			Future Directions — Potential for Protein Anabolism
			References
		Chinese Herbal Medicine as Adjunct Therapy in Patients with Lung Cancer
			Practice Guidelines
			Data from Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs)
			Mechanisms of Therapeutic and Palliative Action
			Clinical Reasoning
			Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategies
			Study Quality
			Summary
			References
		Integrative and Multidisciplinary Approaches to Pain Management in Lung Cancer
			The Impact of Pain on Lung Cancer Survival and Quality of Life
			Understanding the Multifactorial Nature of Pain
			Surgical and Radiologic Interventions
			Pharmacologic Interventions
			Acupuncture
			Manual Therapies
			Summary
			References
		Acupuncture and the Needs of Patients with Lung Cancer
			Mechanisms of Action — Acupuncture
			Mechanisms of Action — Electroacupuncture
			Clinical Evidence Relevant to Lung Cancer
			Summary
			References
		End-of-Life Care
			Advance Care Planning
			Hemoptysis
			Superior Vena Cava Syndrome
			Malignant Airway Obstruction
			References
	Index
Volume 2
	Contents
	Foreword
	List of Contributors
	Part 1. Trachea and Lung Neoplasms
		A. Tracheal Neoplasms
			Epidemiology of Tracheal Neoplasms
				References
			Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis of Tracheal Neoplasms
				References
			Pathology and Staging of Tracheal Neoplasms
				Epidemiology
				Etiology — Premalignant Lesions
				Prognosis
				Histology — WHO Classification
				Squamous Cell Carcinoma
				Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma
				Secondary Tumors
				Staging — TNM Classification
				References
			Treatment of Tracheal Neoplasms by Surgery
				Introduction
				Primary and Metastatic Tumors
				Histologic Types
				Presentation
				Evaluation
				Treatment
					Preparation
					Approach
					Resection
				Post-Operative Care
					Operative complications
					Adjuvant Therapy
				Results
				Conclusion
				References
			Treatment of Tracheal Neoplasms by Radiation Therapy
				References
			Prognosis and Surveillance of Tracheal Neoplasms
				References
		B. Non-Small Cell Lung Neoplasms
			Biological Basis of Non-Small Cell Lung Neoplasms
				Molecular Epidemiology and Etiology
				Genomic Classification of Lung Cancer
				Oncogenes, Tumor Suppressor Genes, and Signaling Pathways in Lung Cancer
					Hallmark: Sustaining Proliferative Signaling
						EGFR/HER2/MET Signaling
						RAS/RAF/MAPK Pathway
						Pl3K/AKT/mTOR Pathway
						Insulin Growth Factor (IGF) Pathway and ROS1
						Other Fusion Proteins: EML4-ALK and RET
					Hallmark: Resisting Cell Death and Evading Growth Suppressors
						MYC
						The 3p Tumor Suppressor Genes (TSGs) — Regulators of Apoptosis
						The p53 Pathway
						The p16INK4a-RB Pathway
					Hallmark: Enabling Replicative Immortality
					Hallmark: Inducing Angiogenesis
					Hallmark: Activation Invasion and Metastasis
					Hallmark: Avoiding Immune Destruction
					Lineage-Dependent Oncogenes: SOX2 and NKX2-1 (TITF1)
					Lung Cancer Stem Cells
				Translation of Molecular Data to the Clinic
				References
			Epidemiology of Non-Small Cell Lung Neoplasms
				References
			Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis of Non-Small Cell Lung Neoplasms
				Symptoms Related to Primary Tumor
				Symptoms Related to Metastases
				Constitutional Symptoms and Symptoms Related to Paraneoplastic Syndromes
				Diagnosis and Staging of Lung Cancer
					Radiology studies
					Diagnostic biopsy
				References
			Imaging of Non-Small Cell Lung Neoplasms: Lung Cancer Screening
				Background
					Low dose chest computed tomography (CT)
					Non-randomized control (observational) trials
					Randomized control trials
						DANTE
						NLST
						NELSON
				Risks of Screening
					False positive results in the NLST
					Invasive diagnostic procedures and complications
					Overdiagnosis
					False negative results
					Radiation exposure
				Risk Assessment
				Smoking Cessation
				Recommendations and Coverage
				Implementation and Cost Effectiveness
				Conclusion
				References
			Imaging of Non-Small Cell Lung Neoplasms
				Adenocarcinoma
				Squamous Cell Carcinoma
				Large Cell Carcinoma
					Comparisons to Small Cell Carcinomas and Bronchopulmonary Carcinoid Tumors
				Imaging and Cell Type
				References
			Treatment of Non-Small Cell Lung Neoplasms by Surgery
				Introduction
				Stage I (T1-2 N0)
				Stage II (T1-2 N1, T3N0)
				Stage IIIA (T1-3N2, T3N1)
				Stage IIIB (T4/N3) Stage IV (M1)
				Conclusion
				References
			Treatment of Non-Small Cell Lung Neoplasms by Radiation Therapy
				Radiation Therapy for Early-Stage NSCLC
				Radiation Therapy for Locally Advanced NSCLC
				Consolidation/Palliative Radiation in Metastatic NSCLC
				References
			Treatment of Non-Small Cell Lung Neoplasms by Durg Therapy
				Introduction
				Staging
				Stage I and Stage II NSCLC
				Stage III NSCLC
				Stage IV NSCLC
					Histology
					Targeted Therapy
					Group A: Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Mutation Positive
					Group B: Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase (ALK) Mutation Positive
					Group C: Mutation Status Negative or Unknown
					Anti-Angiogenic Agents
					Squamous Histology
					Immunotherapy
				Conclusion
				References
			Prognosis and Surveillance of Non-Small Cell Lung Neoplasms
				Introduction
				Recurrence
				Second Primary Lung Cancer
				Surveillance Modalities
					Clinical Follow-Up
					Radiologic Surveillance
						Low-Dose CT
						Diagnostic CT versus CXR
						PET
					Biomarkers
					Surveillance Team
				Conclusions
				References
		C. Small Cell Lung Neoplasms
			Biological Basis of Small Cell Lung Neoplasms
				Introduction
				Interplay between Loss of Retinoblastoma and TP53 and Neuroendocrine Signaling
				The Role of Transcription Factors in SCLC Pathogenesis
				Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Signaling
				Apoptosis and Cell Cycle Control
				DNA Repair Pathways
				Conclusions
				References
			Epidemiology of Small Cell Lung Neoplasms
				References
			Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis of Small Cell Lung Neoplasms
				References
			Imaging of Small Cell Lung Neoplasms
				References
			Pathology and Staging of Small Cell Lung Neoplasms
				Introduction
				Gross/Microscopic Pathology
				Differential Diagnosis
				Low/Intermediate Grade Neuroendocrine Carcinoma (Typical/Atypical Carcinoid)
				Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma (LCNEC)
				Extrapulmonary Small Cell Carcinoma
				Staging
				References
			Treatment of Small Cell Lung Neoplasms by Surgery
				References
			Treatment of Small Cell Lung Neoplasms by Radiation Oncology
				Conflict of Interest
				Acknowledgments
				References
			Treatment of Small Cell Lung Neoplasms by Drug Therapy
				Limited Stage SCLC (T1-T2N0M0)
				Limited Stage SCLC (T1-4N1-3M0, Except T3-4 Due to Additional Lung Nodules)
				Extensive Stage SCLC (T1-4N1-3M1a-b)
				References
			Prognosis and Surveillance of Small Cell Lung Neoplasms
				Limited-Stage Small Cell Lung Cancer
				Extensive-Stage Small Cell Lung Cancer
				Recurrent Small Cell Lung Cancer
				Prognosis
				References
	Part 2. Pleural Neoplasms
		A. Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma
			Biological Basis of Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma
				General Mechanisms of Tumorigenesis
				Selected Molecular Pathways
					Epigenetic Changes
					Apoptotic Dysregulation
					Other Oncogene and Tumor Suppressor Pathways
					Recent Advances
				Selected References
				References
			Epidemiology of Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma
				References
			Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis of Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma
				Clinical Presentations
				Diagnosis
				Immunohistochemistry (IHC)
				References
			Imaging of Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma
				Conventional Chest Radiograph
				Computed Tomography
				Positron Emission Tomography and PET/CT
				Magnetic Resonance Imaging
				Modified Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST)
				References
			Pathology and Staging of Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma
				Macroscopic Appearance
				Cytologic Evaluation
				Microscopic Evaluation
				WHO Classification of Diffuse Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma
					Epithelioid Mesothelioma
					Sarcomatoid Mesothelioma
					Desmoplastic Mesothelioma
					Biphasic Mesothelioma
						Immunohistochemistry
						Staging of Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma
				References
			Treatment of Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma by Surgery
				Introduction
				Mesothelioma Characteristics Favoring Surgery
				Mesothelioma Characteristics Against Surgery
				Surgical Rationale
				Types of Surgical Procedures
					Thorascopic Pleurodesis
					Pleurectomy and Decortication (P/D)
					Extended Pleurectomy and Decortication (Extended P/D)
					Partial Pleurectomy
					Extrapleural Pneumonectomy (EPP)
					Outcomes and Survival
				Summary
				References
			Treatment of Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma by Radiation Therapy
				Introduction
					Radiotherapy After Extrapleural Pneumonectomy
					Adjuvant Radiotherapy Following Pleurectomy with Decortication
					Radiotherapy for Inoperable Patients
					Prophylactic Irradiation of Chest Wall Incision Sites
					Palliative Care
				References
			Treatment of Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma by Drug Therapy
				Conclusion
				References
			Prognosis and Surveillance of Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma
				References
	Index
Volume 3
	Contents
	Foreword
	List of Contributors
	Part 1. Esophageal Neoplasms
		A. Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Esophagus
			Biological Basis of Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
				Genetic Alterations
				Epigenetic Changes
				References
			Epidemiology of Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
				Occupational Factors and ESCC
				Tobacco Use and Alcohol Consumption As Main Risk Factors for ESCC
				Risk of ESCC and Diet
				Animal Contact, Oral Hygiene, Socioeconomic Status and Other Factors
				Infection Factors
				Genetic Susceptibility to ESCC
				References
			Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis of Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
				Introduction
				Clinical Presentation
				Diagnosis
				References
			Imaging of Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
				Pre-Treatment Tumor Staging
					M Stage
					N Stage
					T Stage
				References
			Screening for Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
				Identification of High-Risk Population
				Endoscopic Screening
					Chromoendoscopy
					Image-Enhanced Endoscopy
				Non-Endoscopic Screening
				References
			Pathology and Staging of Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
				References
			Treatment of Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma by Surgery
				Introduction
				Surgical Approach
				Lymphadenectomy
				Reconstruction
				Summary
				References
			Treatment of Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma by Radiation Therapy
				Introduction
				Definitive Chemoradiotherapy
				Pre-Operative Chemoradiotherapy
					Pre-Operative Chemoradiotherapy versus Surgery Alone
					Pre-Operative Chemoradiotherapy versus Definitive Chemoradiotherapy
				Radiation Therapy Technique
				References
			Treatment of Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma by Drug Therapy
				Advanced Disease
				Neoadjuvant Treatment
				Adjuvant Treatment
				References
			Prognosis and Surveillance of Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
				Prognosis
					Response to Chemoradiation
					Patterns of Failure
				Surveillance
				References
		B. Adenocarcinoma of the Esophagus
			Biological Basis of Esophageal Adenocarcinoma
				Disease Progression
				Targeted Therapy
				References
			Epidemiology of Esophageal Adenocarcinoma
				Introduction
				Descriptive Epidemiology
				Risk Factors
					Barrett’s Esophagus and Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
					Obesity and Body Size
					Tobacco Smoking
					Helicobacter pylori Infection
					Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs
					Diet
				Conclusions
				References
			Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis of Esophageal Adenocarcinoma
				References
			Imaging of Esophageal Adenocarcinoma
				Pretreatment Imaging
					Primary Tumor
					Lymph node metastases
					Distant Metastases
				Posttreatment Imaging and Surveillance
				Conclusions
				References
			Screening for Esophageal Adenocarcinoma
				Introduction
				Rationale for Screening
				Challenges to Screening
				Advances in Screening Techiniques
					Minimally Invasive Screening Techniques
					Imaging-Based Techniques
				Identifying the Target Population for Screening
				Stratification of Barrett’s Esophagus Cancer Risk
					Demographic and Endoscopic Risk Factors
					Histologic and Molecular Risk Factors
				Summary
				References
			Pathology and Staging of Esophageal Adenocarcinoma
				Pathology
					Barrett’s Esophagus
					Dysplasia
					Adenocarcinoma
					Screening
				Staging
				References
			Treatment of Esophageal Adenocarcinoma by Endoscopic Therapies
				Introduction to Endoscopic Eradication Therapy
				Endoscopic Mucosal Resection (EMR)
				Radiofrequency Ablation (RFA)
				Cryotherapy and Photodynamic Therapy (PDT)
				Summary
				References
			Treatment of Esophageal Adenocarcinoma by Surgery
				Introduction
					When is Surgery Necessary?
					Type of Surgery
				Pre-Operative Evaluation
				Tumor Location
				Brief Operative Details
				Complications
				Conclusion
				References
			Treatment of Esophageal Adenocarcinoma by Radiation Therapy
				Radiation Therapy as a Single Modality
				Dual-Modality Therapy: Adjuvant or Pre-Operative Radiation Therapy with Surgery
				Dual-Modality Therapy: Chemoradiation
				Tri-Modality Therapy: Surgery with Chemoradiation
				Radiation Therapy Delivery Techniques
				References
			Treatment of Esophageal Adenocarcinoma by Drug Therapy
				References
			Prognosis and Surveillance of Esophageal Adenocarcinoma
				Prognosis
					Pathologic Response
					Imaging Response
				Surveillance
				References
			Stage-Specific Treatment of Esophageal Adenocarcinoma
				Early-Stage Disease and Endoscopic Therapy
				Early-Stage Disease and Primary Surgery
				Locally Advanced Disease (Neoadjuvant Treatment)
				Surgery
				Adjuvant Treatment
				Advanced Disease
				Alternatives to Surgery
				References
	Part 2. Mediastinal Neoplasms
		A. Thymic Neoplasms
			Epidemiology of Thymic Neoplasms
				References
			Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis of Thymic Neoplasms
				Clinical Presentation
				Diagnosis
				References
			Imaging of Thymic Neoplasms
				References
			Pathology and Staging of Thymic Neoplasms
				Introduction
				Benign Conditions
					Thymic Hyperplasia
					Thymic Hyperplasia with Lymphoepithelial Sialadenitis-Like Features
					Thymic Cysts
					Thymolipoma/Thymofibrolipoma
				Malignant Tumors
					Thymoma
					Thymic Carcinoma
					Neuroendocrine Carcinomas of the Thymus
				References
			Treatment of Thymic Neoplasms by Surgery
				Introduction
				Principles of Surgery for Thymic Neoplasms
					General Principles
					Surgical Approach
					Extent of Resection
					Lymph Node Dissection
					Cytoreductive Surgery
				Summary
				References
			Treatment of Thymic Neoplasms by Radiation Therapy
				Indications
				Consensus Guidelines for PORT in Thymoma
				Radiation Therapy Technique and Toxicity
				Alternative Radiation Therapy Modalities — Hemithoracic Radiation Therapy
				References
			Treatment of Thymic Neoplasms by Drug Therapy
				Introduction
				Chemotherapy as Part of Curative Intent
					Chemotherapy with Surgery
					Chemotherapy with Radiation
				Palliative Chemotherapy
					Anthracyclines
					Non-Anthracyclines
					Amrubicin
				Targeted Therapies
					Octreotide
					mTOR (Mammalian Target of Rapamycin)
					c-KIT and Multi-Targeted TKIs
					Epigenetic Modification
					Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 Receptor (IGF-1R)
					Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors
					EGFR Inhibitors, Src Inhibitors, and Cyclin-Dependent Kinase (CDK) Inhibitors
				Conclusions
				References
			Prognosis and Surveillance of Thymic Neoplasms
				References
		B. Germ Cell Neoplasms
			Epidemiology of Mediastinal Germ Cell Neoplasms
				Introduction
				Epidemiology of Mediastinal Germ Cell Tumors
				References
			Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis of Mediastinal Germ Cell Neoplasms
				Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis
				Rare Presentations of Primary Mediastinal Non-Seminomatous Germ Cell Tumors
				Conclusion
				References
			Treatment of Mediastinal Germ Cell Tumors by Surgery
				Mature Teratoma
				Primary Mediastinal Seminoma
				Primary Mediastinal Non-Seminoma
				References
			Treatment of Mediastinal Germ Cell Neoplasms by Radiation Therapy
				Radiotherapy Alone for Mediastinal Seminoma: A Historical Perspective
				The Emergence of Chemotherapy: Rationale and Evidence
				Summary and Modern Role for Radiotherapy
				Selected References
				References
			Prognosis and Surveillance of Mediastinal Germ Cell Tumors
				Conclusions
				References
			Neurogenic Tumors
				Radiological Indications in Neurogenic Tumors
				Differential Diagnosis in Neurogenic Tumors
					Neurogenic Tumors that Originate from Neural Sheath
						Neurolemmoma
						Melanotic schwannoma
						Neurofibroma
						Granular cell tumor
						Neurosarcoma
					Neurogenic Tumors that Originate from Sympathetic Ganglia
						Ganglioneuroma
						Neuroblastoma
						Ganglioneuroblastoma
					Neurogenic Tumors that Originate from Paraganglial Cells
						Chemodectoma
						Phaeochromocytoma
					Tumors that Originate from Neuroectoderm
						Melanotic progonoma
						Askin tumor
				Surgery of Neurogenic Tumors
				References
	Part 3. Chest Wall and Diaphragm Neoplasms
		A. Bony and Soft Tissue Sarcomas
			Treatment of Bony and Soft Tissue Sarcomas by Surgery
				References
			Treatment of Bony and Soft Tissue Sarcomas by Radiation Therapy
				Tumor Location as a Risk Factor
				The Impact of Surgical Margin and Tumor Size
				Histological Grade as a Risk Factor
				Unresectable Tumors: Is There a Role for Definitive Radiation Therapy?
				The Sequencing of Radiation Delivery
				Radiation Treatment Planning
				Summary
				References
			Treatment of Bony and Soft Tissue Sarcomas by Drug Therapy
				Overview
				Etiology and Genetics
				Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis
				Imaging
				Staging
				Biopsy
				Pathology
				Histologic Classification
				Prognosis
				Treatment of Localized Disease
					Surgery
					Residual Disease
					Radiation Therapy
					Chemotherapy
					Neoadjuvant
					Adjuvant Chemotherapy
				Metastatic Disease
				Surgery for Metastatic Disease
				Surveillance
				References
			Prognosis and Surveillance of Bony and Soft Tissue Sarcomas
				References
			Diaphragm Neoplasms
				References
		B. Cardiac Neoplasms
			Primary Cardiac Tumors
				Biological Basis of the Disease
				Epidemiology
				Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis
				Imaging
				Staging
				Surgical Treatment
				Chemotherapy
				Prognosis
				References
		C. Metastatic Neoplasms of the Chest
			Treatment of Thoracic Metastases by Surgery
				Introduction
				Common Criteria for Pulmonary Metastasectomy
				International Registry of Lung Metastasis
				Oliogoprogression
				Surgical Techniques
					Open versus Minimally Invasive Surgery
					Unilateral versus Bilateral Exploration
					Mediastinal Lymph Node Evaluation
				Conclusion
				References
			Treatment of Thoracic Metastases by Radiation Therapy
				References
	Index