Modern Styrenic Polymers: Polystyrenes and Styrenic Copolymers

Contents......Page 6
Contributors......Page 22
Series Preface......Page 28
Preface......Page 30
About the Editors......Page 34
I: INTRODUCTION TO STYRENIC POLYMERS......Page 36
1 Introduction......Page 38
2 General-purpose Polystyrene......Page 39
3 Foamed Polystyrene......Page 48
5 ABS......Page 53
6 ASA......Page 55
8 Styrenic Block Copolymers......Page 56
11 The Future......Page 57
References......Page 58
1 Introduction......Page 60
2 Polymerization......Page 62
4 Structure and Morphologies......Page 64
5 Properties......Page 69
6 Properties, Range and Applications of MABS Products......Page 73
References......Page 76
II: PREPARATION OF STYRENIC POLYMERS......Page 78
1 Introduction......Page 80
2 Technical Constraints that Influence Reactor Selection......Page 81
3 Polystyrene Devolatilization......Page 94
4 Current Polystyrene Polymerization Processes......Page 101
5 Process Simulation and Control......Page 104
References......Page 106
1 Introduction......Page 108
2 Summary of R&D Approaches......Page 110
3 Friedel–Crafts Catalyst......Page 118
4 Latent Acid Catalysts......Page 120
5 Monomer Regeneration Upon Heating......Page 123
References......Page 126
1 Introduction......Page 128
2 Process Simulation and Optimization of Styrene Homopolymerization......Page 135
4 Symbols......Page 142
References......Page 143
1 Introduction......Page 146
2 LRP Overview......Page 147
3 Kinetics of LRP......Page 155
4 Applications to Styrenic Polymers......Page 160
References......Page 162
1 Introduction......Page 164
2 Speeding Up the Rate of Polystyrene Production Using Chemical Initiators......Page 165
3 Speeding Up the Rate of Polystyrene Production Using Acid Mediation......Page 168
4 Use of Acid to Tailor the Molecular Weight Distribution......Page 174
5 Modeling Acid-mediated Styrene Polymerization......Page 175
6 Conclusions......Page 180
References......Page 181
1 Introduction......Page 182
2 Mechanism and Limitations......Page 183
3 How Living is NMRP? The Results of Model Studies......Page 184
4 Block Copolymers via the Macroinitiator Approach......Page 187
5 Preparation of Block Copolymers Using Alkoxyamines as Chain-stoppers in Step-growth Polymerization......Page 190
6 Preparation of Block Copolymers via Sequential Addition of Monomers (SAM)......Page 191
7 Preparation of Block Copolymers Using Multiple-headed Initiators......Page 194
References......Page 197
III: MAJOR CLASSES OF STYRENIC POLYMERS......Page 198
1 Introduction......Page 200
2 EPS Based on Suspension Polymerization......Page 201
3 EPS Based on Extrusion Process......Page 225
References......Page 232
1 Introduction and General Description......Page 238
2 Nomenclature......Page 239
3 Theory of the Expansion Process......Page 240
4 Properties and Their Relation to Structure......Page 242
5 Thermal Properties......Page 248
6 Commercial Production and Processing......Page 253
7 Applications......Page 256
8 Environmental, Health and Safety......Page 260
References......Page 263
2 Oriented Polystyrene Sheet......Page 268
3 Extruded Polystyrene Foam Sheet......Page 274
References......Page 280
1 Introduction......Page 282
2 Properties......Page 283
3 Basic Chemistry......Page 291
4 Manufacture......Page 301
5 Fabrication......Page 306
6 Application......Page 310
References......Page 314
1 Introduction......Page 316
2 Characterization......Page 318
3 Fabrication Performance......Page 322
4 Multiphase Systems......Page 329
5 Solid-phase Behavior......Page 331
6 Conclusion......Page 332
References......Page 333
1 Manufacture of ABS......Page 340
2 Phase Separation......Page 341
4 Phase Diagram......Page 342
5 Rubber Particle Sizing......Page 343
6 Grafting......Page 346
7 Crosslinking......Page 349
8 Sizing Window......Page 351
9 Rubber Particle Morphology......Page 352
References......Page 353
1 Introduction......Page 356
2 Substituted Styrenes......Page 359
3 Imides......Page 361
4 Maleic Anhydride......Page 365
5 Modified Nitriles......Page 368
6 Various High Heat-resistant ABS Grades......Page 369
References......Page 373
1 Introduction......Page 376
2 ASA Market......Page 377
3 Production of ASA......Page 378
4 Properties of ASA......Page 383
6 ASA Blends......Page 387
7 Applications of ASA......Page 390
References......Page 394
IV: SYNDIOTACTIC POLYSTYRENE......Page 398
1 Introduction......Page 400
2 Catalytic Systems for SPS......Page 401
3 Copolymerization......Page 410
4 Mechanisms of Polymerization of Styrene......Page 413
References......Page 421
1 Introduction......Page 424
2 Characterization......Page 425
3 Physical Properties......Page 427
4 Properties of Commercialized SPS and Its Applications......Page 436
5 Summary......Page 442
References......Page 443
1 Introduction......Page 446
2 Energy Dissipation in Polystyrene Polymers......Page 447
3 Impact Behaviour of Rubber-modified sPS......Page 450
4 Rubber Modification......Page 452
5 Present Situation and Future Perspectives......Page 463
References......Page 464
2 Overview of sPS Properties......Page 466
3 Patent Literature on sPS Blends......Page 468
4 Microscopic, Thermal and Mechanical Properties of sPS Blends......Page 473
5 Conclusions......Page 493
6 List of Abbreviations......Page 494
References......Page 495
V: STYRENIC BLOCK COPOLYMERS......Page 498
2 Synthesis of Styrenic Block Copolymer Elastomers......Page 500
3 Properties of Styrenic Block Copolymer Elastomers......Page 509
4 Applications of Styrenic Block Copolymer Elastomers......Page 522
References......Page 532
1 History......Page 536
2 SBC Synthesis and Manufacture......Page 537
3 Key Features, Properties and Grades......Page 539
4 Current Commercial Applications......Page 542
5 SBC Blends......Page 555
References......Page 564
VI: NOVEL POLYSTYRENES......Page 566
2 Synthesis of Polycyclohexylethylene (PCHE)......Page 568
3 Catalytic Hydrogenation......Page 569
5 Characterization of PCHE......Page 574
6 Copolymers Containing PCHE......Page 582
7 Proposed Applications of PCHE-based Materials......Page 586
References......Page 588
2 Preparation of Branched Polystyrene......Page 592
3 Rheology of Branched Polystyrenes......Page 600
References......Page 612
1 Introduction......Page 616
2 Preparation of DPE Monomers and Polymers......Page 617
3 Properties of Styrene–Diphenylethylene Polymers......Page 618
4 Blends of S/DPE Polymers......Page 620
5 Rubber Modification of S/DPE Polymers......Page 621
6 Thermoplastic Elastomers......Page 635
7 Summary......Page 636
References......Page 638
1 Introduction to Ethylene–Styrene Copolymers......Page 640
2 Copolymerizations of Ethylene and Vinyl Aromatic Monomers......Page 641
3 Structure–Property Relationships for Ethylene–Styrene Interpolymers......Page 643
4 Materials Engineering Aspects......Page 651
5 Attributes and Applications......Page 660
6 Summary......Page 661
References......Page 662
VII: PROPERTIES OF STYRENIC POLYMERS......Page 666
1 Introduction......Page 668
2 Quantitative Characterization of Fracture......Page 670
3 High-impact Polystyrene......Page 678
4 Acrylonitrile–Butadiene–Styrene......Page 689
5 Conclusion......Page 696
References......Page 697
1 Introduction......Page 700
2 Polystyrene......Page 701
3 Copolymers of Styrene......Page 711
4 Rubber-modified Polystyrene (HIPS) and SAN Copolymers (ABS)......Page 713
References......Page 716
1 Introduction......Page 720
2 Applications of Flame-retardant Styrenic Polymers......Page 721
3 Flammability Requirements and Tests......Page 722
4 Mechanisms of Flame Retardation......Page 725
5 Halogen-based Flame Retardants for Styrenics......Page 727
7 Environmental Concerns......Page 734
8 Summary......Page 735
References......Page 736
1 Introduction......Page 738
2 Photooxidation of the Homopolymer Polystyrene (PS) Under Irradiation at λ > 300 nm......Page 739
3 Photooxidation of Poly(styrene-coacrylonitrile) (SAN)......Page 744
4 Photooxidation of Acrylonitrile–Butadiene–Styrene (ABS)......Page 747
5 Photooxidation of a Blend of SAN and EPDM (AES)......Page 751
6 Photooxidation of Blends of Polystyrene and Poly(vinyl methyl ether) (PVME-PS)......Page 755
7 Conclusion......Page 758
References......Page 760
1 Introduction......Page 762
2 Structure and Analysis of Styrene Dimers and Trimers......Page 763
3 Content of SDs and STs in PS Food Containers......Page 765
4 Migration of SDs and STs from PS Food Containers......Page 766
5 Biological Evaluation of SDs and STs......Page 772
6 Conclusion......Page 777
References......Page 778
A......Page 780
C......Page 781
D......Page 782
F......Page 783
H......Page 784
M......Page 785
P......Page 786
S......Page 788
T......Page 791
X......Page 792