Modern Polyesters: Chemistry and Technology of Polyesters and Copolyesters (Wiley Series in Polymer Science)

Cover Page......Page 1
Wiley Series in Polymer Science......Page 3
Title: Modern Polyesters: Chemistry and Technology of Polyesters and Copolyesters......Page 4
ISBN 0471498564......Page 5
Contents......Page 6
Contributors......Page 23
Series Preface......Page 26
Preface......Page 27
About the Editors......Page 30
PART I Historical Overview......Page 31
1 INTRODUCTION......Page 33
2 ALKYD AND RELATED RESINS......Page 34
3 FIBRES FROM PARTIALLY AROMATIC POLYESTERS......Page 36
4 OTHER USES FOR SEMI-AROMATIC POLYESTERS......Page 46
5 LIQUID-CRYSTALLINE POLYESTERS......Page 48
6 POLYESTERS AS COMPONENTS OF ELASTOMERS......Page 49
7 SURFACE-ACTIVE AGENTS......Page 50
8 ABSORBABLE FIBRES......Page 51
9 POLYCARBONATES......Page 52
10 NATURAL POLYESTERS......Page 53
REFERENCES......Page 54
PART II Polymerization and Polycondensation......Page 59
NOTATION......Page 61
1 INTRODUCTION......Page 65
2 CHEMISTRY, REACTION MECHANISMS, KINETICS AND CATALYSIS......Page 67
3 PHASE EQUILIBRIA, MOLECULAR DIFFUSION AND MASS TRANSFER......Page 102
4 POLYCONDENSATION PROCESSES AND POLYCONDENSATION PLANTS......Page 119
5 REACTOR DESIGN FOR CONTINUOUS MELT-PHASE POLYCONDENSATION......Page 128
6 FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS AND SCIENTIFIC REQUIREMENTS......Page 133
REFERENCES......Page 134
1 INTRODUCTION......Page 147
2 HISTORY......Page 149
3 PREPARATION OF POLYESTER CYCLIC OLIGOMERS FROM ACID CHLORIDES......Page 150
4 POLYESTER CYCLIC OLIGOMERS VIA RING–CHAIN EQUILIBRATION (DEPOLYMERIZATION)......Page 154
5 MECHANISM FOR FORMATION OF CYCLICS VIA DEPOLYMERIZATION......Page 161
6 POLYMERIZATION OF OLIGOMERIC ESTER CYCLICS......Page 164
REFERENCES......Page 169
1 INTRODUCTION......Page 173
2 THE CHEMICAL REACTIONS OF PET IN THE SOLID STATE......Page 177
3 CRYSTALLIZATION OF PET......Page 188
4 CONTINUOUS SOLID-STATE POLYCONDENSATION PROCESSING......Page 196
5 PET RECYCLING......Page 208
REFERENCES......Page 216
1 INTRODUCTION......Page 225
2 PRINCIPLES......Page 226
3 EQUIPMENT......Page 245
4 PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF THE REACTION STEPS......Page 251
5 ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS......Page 266
6 SOLID-STATE POLYCONDENSATION OF OTHER POLYESTERS......Page 267
7 CONCLUSIONS......Page 268
REFERENCES......Page 269
PART III Types of Polyesters......Page 273
1 INTRODUCTION......Page 275
2 CRYSTALLINITY AND CRYSTALLIZATION RATE MODIFICATION......Page 276
3 PET COPOLYMERS WITH INCREASED MODULUS AND THERMAL PROPERTIES......Page 281
4 INCREASED FLEXIBILITY COPOLYMERS OF PET......Page 284
5 COPOLYMERS AS A SCAFFOLD FOR ADDITIONAL CHEMICAL REACTIONS......Page 286
6 OTHER PET COPOLYMERS......Page 287
7 SUMMARY AND COMMENTS......Page 291
REFERENCES......Page 292
1 INTRODUCTION......Page 297
2 1,4-CYCLOHEXANEDIMETHANOL......Page 299
3 1,3- AND 1,2-CYCLOHEXANEDIMETHANOL: OTHER CHDM ISOMERS......Page 301
4 SYNTHESIS OF CHDM-BASED POLYESTERS......Page 302
5 POLY(1,4-CYCLOHEXYLENEDIMETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE)......Page 303
6 GLYCOL-MODIFIED PCT COPOLYESTER: PREPARATION AND PROPERTIES......Page 309
7 CHDM-MODIFIED PET COPOLYESTER: PREPARATION AND PROPERTIES......Page 310
8 DIBASIC-ACID-MODIFIED PCT COPOLYESTER: PREPARATION AND PROPERTIES......Page 312
9 MODIFICATION OF CHDM-BASED POLYESTERS WITH OTHER GLYCOLS AND ACIDS......Page 313
REFERENCES......Page 318
1 INTRODUCTION......Page 323
2 POLYMERIZATION OF PBT......Page 324
3 PROPERTIES OF PBT......Page 331
4 PBT POLYMER BLENDS......Page 337
5 FLAME-RETARDANT ADDITIVES......Page 343
6 PBT AND WATER......Page 345
REFERENCES......Page 347
1 INTRODUCTION......Page 353
2 MANUFACTURE OF PEN......Page 354
3 PROPERTIES OF PEN......Page 355
5 COMPARISON OF THE PROPERTIES OF PEN AND PET......Page 356
7 SOLID-STATE POLYMERIZATION OF PEN......Page 358
8 COPOLYESTERS......Page 359
9 NAPHTHALATE-BASED BLENDS......Page 360
10 APPLICATIONS FOR PEN, ITS COPOLYESTERS AND BLENDS......Page 361
REFERENCES......Page 363
1 INTRODUCTION......Page 365
2 THE MANUFACTURING PROCESS FOR PEN FILMS......Page 367
3 PROPERTIES OF PEN......Page 371
4 APPLICATIONS FOR PEN FILMS......Page 380
REFERENCES......Page 387
1 INTRODUCTION......Page 391
2 POLYMERIZATION......Page 392
3 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES......Page 398
4 FIBER PROPERTIES......Page 408
5 PROCESSING AND APPLICATIONS......Page 415
6 PTT COPOLYMERS......Page 420
REFERENCES......Page 421
PART IV Fibers and Compounds......Page 429
1 INTRODUCTION......Page 431
2 GENERAL APPLICATIONS......Page 432
3 CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL STRUCTURE......Page 434
4 MELT SPINNING OF PET FIBERS......Page 440
5 DRAWING OF SPUN FILAMENTS......Page 448
6 SPECIALIZED APPLICATIONS......Page 452
7 THE FUTURE OF POLYESTER FIBERS......Page 461
REFERENCES......Page 462
1 INTRODUCTION......Page 465
2 POLYESTERS FOR FILAMENT AND STAPLE FIBER APPLICATIONS......Page 468
3 POLYMER CONTAMINATION......Page 486
4 FILMS......Page 502
5 BOTTLES......Page 507
6 OTHER POLYESTERS......Page 517
7 CONCLUSIONS......Page 519
REFERENCES......Page 520
1 INTRODUCTION......Page 525
2 CHAIN EXTENDERS......Page 527
3 SOLID-STATING ACCELERATORS......Page 535
4 IMPACT MODIFIERS (TOUGHENERS)......Page 536
5 NUCLEATING AGENTS......Page 545
6 NUCLEATION/CRYSTALLIZATION PROMOTERS......Page 550
7 ANTI-HYDROLYSIS ADDITIVES......Page 552
8 REINFORCEMENTS......Page 554
9 FLAME RETARDANTS......Page 556
10 POLYMERIC MODIFIERS FOR PET......Page 558
11 SPECIALTY ADDITIVES......Page 559
12 TECHNOLOGY OF COMMERCIAL PET ENGINEERING POLYMERS......Page 562
14 COMMERCIAL GLASS-FILLED AND TOUGHENED PET GRADES......Page 564
15 ‘SUPERTOUGH’ PET......Page 565
16 AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS FOR MODIFIED PET......Page 566
REFERENCES......Page 567
1 INTRODUCTION......Page 571
2 POLY(ETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE)......Page 572
3 COMPARISON OF THERMOPLASTIC POLYESTERS......Page 576
4 COMPOSITE PROPERTIES......Page 579
5 NEW COMPOSITE APPLICATIONS......Page 587
REFERENCES......Page 588
PART V Depolymerization and Degradation......Page 593
1 INTRODUCTION......Page 595
2 CHEMISTRY......Page 596
3 BACKGROUND......Page 600
4 TECHNOLOGY FOR POLYESTER DEPOLYMERIZATION......Page 602
5 COMMERCIAL APPLICATION......Page 605
7 EVALUATION OF TECHNOLOGIES......Page 606
8 RESULTS......Page 609
9 CONCLUSIONS......Page 616
REFERENCES......Page 617
2 WHY DEGRADABLE POLYMERS?......Page 621
3 POLYMER DEGRADATION......Page 623
4 DEGRADABLE POLYESTER APPLICATIONS......Page 624
5 SELECTING A POLYMER FOR AN APPLICATION......Page 630
6 DEGRADABLE POLYESTERS......Page 634
REFERENCES......Page 636
1 INTRODUCTION......Page 639
2 WEATHER-INDUCED DEGRADATION......Page 640
3 RECENT RESULTS FOR DEGRADATION IN PECT......Page 643
4 DEGRADATION MECHANISMS IN PET AND PECT......Page 656
REFERENCES AND NOTES......Page 668
PART VI Liquid Crystal Polyesters......Page 673
1 INTRODUCTION – CHEMICAL STRUCTURES AND LIQUID CRYSTALLINITY......Page 675
3 MEASUREMENTS......Page 676
4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION......Page 678
REFERENCES......Page 692
1 INTRODUCTION......Page 695
2 PHB/PEN/PET MECHANICAL BLENDS......Page 696
3 EFFECT OF A CATALYST ON THE COMPATIBILITY OF LCP/PEN BLENDS......Page 704
4 THERMODYNAMIC MISCIBILITY DETERMINATION OF TLCP AND POLYESTERS......Page 709
5 CRYSTALLIZATION KINETICS OF LCP WITH POLYESTERS......Page 716
6 CONCLUSIONS......Page 723
REFERENCES......Page 724
PART VII Unsaturated Polyesters......Page 727
1 INTRODUCTION......Page 729
2 PREPARATION OF UNSATURATED POLYESTER RESINS......Page 730
3 PROPERTIES OF UNSATURATED POLYESTER RESINS......Page 735
4 APPLICATIONS OF UNSATURATED POLYESTER RESINS......Page 738
REFERENCES......Page 742
1 INTRODUCTION......Page 745
2 EXPERIMENTAL......Page 746
3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION......Page 748
4 APPLICATIONS......Page 757
5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS......Page 759
REFERENCES......Page 760
B......Page 763
C......Page 764
D......Page 765
F......Page 766
I......Page 767
M......Page 768
P......Page 769
S......Page 777
T......Page 778
W......Page 779
Y......Page 780
Back Page......Page 781