Modern Parasitology: A Textbook of Parasitology

Modern Parasitology: A Textbook of Parasitology......Page 1
Contents......Page 7
List of Contributors......Page 11
Introduction......Page 12
1.3 CLASSIFICATION OF THE PROTOZOA......Page 15
1.4.1 Trypanosomes of humans in South America......Page 16
1.4.3 Trypanosomes of domesticated animals......Page 18
1.4.5 Leishmania......Page 21
1.5.1 Intestinal and related forms in humans......Page 22
1.6.1 Entamoeba histolytica......Page 24
1.7.2 Toxoplasma and related coccidia......Page 25
1.8.1 Malaria parasites of humans......Page 28
1.8.2 Other malaria parasites......Page 30
1.9.2 Theileria......Page 33
1.10 MICROSPORIDIA......Page 34
1.11 CILIOPHORA......Page 35
1.12 PNEUMOCYSTIS......Page 36
2.2 STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF HELMINTHS......Page 38
2.4.1 Cestodes......Page 39
2.4.2 Human cestodiasis......Page 42
2.4.4 Digeneans......Page 46
2.4.5 Human schistosomiasis......Page 49
2.5 NEMATODE PARASITES OF VERTEBRATES......Page 54
2.5.1 Human intestinal nematodes......Page 57
2.5.2 Human filariasis......Page 61
2.5.3 Other human nematode diseases......Page 63
2.5.4 Other nematodes......Page 65
3.2.1 Mosquitoes: Family Culicidae......Page 67
3.2.2 Blackflies: Family Simuliidae......Page 70
3.2.3 Sandflies: Family Psychodidae......Page 72
3.2.4 Tsetse flies: Family Glossinidae......Page 76
3.2.5 Biting midges: Family Ceratopogonidae......Page 77
3.2.6 Deer flies: Family Tabanidae......Page 78
3.3 BUGS: ORDER HEMIPTERA......Page 79
3.4 ECTOPARASITIC INSECTS......Page 80
3.4.1 Lice: Order Anoplura......Page 81
3.4.2 Fleas: Order Siphonaptera......Page 82
3.5.2 Hard ticks: Family Ixodidae......Page 83
3.6 MOLLUSCS: INTERMEDIATE HOSTS OF DlGENEANS......Page 85
3.7 VECTOR IDENTIFICATION AND SPECIES COMPLEXES......Page 87
4.2.1 The population as a unit of study......Page 89
4.2.3 Measurement of infection within the host population......Page 90
4.3 FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF PARASITE NUMBERS PER HOST......Page 92
4.4 TRANSMISSION BETWEEN HOSTS......Page 93
4.4.1 Transmission by contact between hosts......Page 95
4.4.2 Transmission by an infective agent......Page 98
4.4.4 Transmission by a biting arthropod......Page 102
4.5.1 The host as the basic unit of study......Page 104
4.5.2 The parasite as the basic unit of study......Page 107
4.6.2 Microparasites: direct transmission......Page 110
4.6.3 Microparasites: vector-borne diseases......Page 115
4.6.4 Macroparasites: direct transmission......Page 116
4.6.5 Macroparasites: indirect transmission......Page 120
4.6.6 Breakpoints in parasite transmission......Page 122
4.7 CLIMATIC FACTORS......Page 124
4.8 THE EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE BASIC REPRODUCTIVE RATE R......Page 127
5.2.1 Environments and life cycles......Page 131
5.2.3 Regulation of energy metabolism......Page 132
5.3 ENERGY METABOLISM IN PARASITIC PROTOZOA......Page 133
5.4 ENERGY METABOLISM IN PARASITIC HELMINTHS......Page 137
5.4.1 Homolactate fermentation......Page 138
5.4.2 Malate dismutation......Page 139
5.4.3 Electron transport in helminths......Page 141
5.5 LIPIDS......Page 143
5.6.1 Amino acid metabolism......Page 144
5.6.2 Purines, pyrimidines and their salvage......Page 146
5.7 OTHER PROCESSES......Page 148
5.8 ENVOI......Page 149
6.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 151
6.2.1 Introduction to recombinant techniques......Page 152
6.2.3 Site-specific mutagenesis......Page 155
6.2.4 DNA sequencing......Page 156
6.3.1 Antigenic variation in trypanosomes......Page 157
6.3.3 Discontinuous transcription of mRNA......Page 158
6.3.4 RNA editing in kinetoplastid flagellates......Page 159
6.3.5 Transfection systems in kinetoplastid flagellates......Page 160
6.4 CHROMOSOMES AND GENE MAPPING......Page 161
6.5 POLYPEPTIDE ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION......Page 162
6.7 RATIONAL DRUG DESIGN......Page 163
6.7.1 Antiglycosomal drug design......Page 164
6.7.3 Mechanisms of drug resistance......Page 165
6.8 VACCINE DEVELOPMENT......Page 167
6.9.1 Diagnosis......Page 168
6.9.2 Taxonomic and systematic relationships......Page 169
6.10 THE FUTURE OF MOLECULAR PARASITOLOGY......Page 170
7.2.1 Cystic stages of parasites......Page 171
7.2.2 Helminth eggs......Page 172
7.2.3 Mechanisms for locating the host......Page 173
7.2.5 Heat shock proteins......Page 174
7.2.6 Circadian rhythms and parasite transmission......Page 175
7.3.1 Transformation of digenean cercariae......Page 176
7.3.2 Hatching and excystation......Page 178
7.3.4 Hypobiosis......Page 181
7.3.6 Invasion of tissues......Page 183
7.4 REPRODUCTIVE PHYSIOLOGY......Page 187
7.4.2 Sexual reproduction......Page 188
7.5 CHEMICAL COMMUNICATION......Page 189
7.6 NEUROPHYSIOLOGY OF HELMINTH PARASITES......Page 190
7.6.2 Sense organs and sensory biology......Page 191
7.6.3 Neurotransmission and neurosecretion......Page 192
7.6.4 The neuromuscular junction in helminths......Page 193
7.7 LOCOMOTORY PHYSIOLOGY......Page 194
7.8 NUTRITION OF PARASITES......Page 195
7.8.2 Nutrient acquisition by parasites......Page 196
7.8.3 The parasite surface and its role in nutrition......Page 197
7.8.4 Excretory physiology......Page 203
7.9 PARASITE PHYSIOLOGY IN A WIDER CONTEXT......Page 204
8.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 207
8.2 THE IMMUNE RESPONSE......Page 208
8.2.1 Antibodies......Page 209
8.2.2 Cell-mediated immunity......Page 210
8.3 IMMUNITY TO MICROORGANISMS......Page 213
8.4 ANIMAL MODELS AND IN VITRO SYSTEMS......Page 214
8.5.1 Intestinal protozoa......Page 215
8.5.2 Leishmaniasis......Page 216
8.5.4 African trypanosomiasis......Page 217
8.5.7 Malaria......Page 219
8.5.8 Babesiosis......Page 220
8.6 IMMUNITY TO HELMINTH WORMS......Page 221
8.6.2 Filariasis......Page 222
8.6.3 Schistosomiasis......Page 223
8.7 EVASION OF THE IMMUNE RESPONSE......Page 224
8.8 IMMUNOPATHOLOGY......Page 227
8.9 IMMUNIZATION AGAINST PARASITIC INFECTIONS......Page 228
9.2 KEY CURRENT DRUGS AND THEIR LIMITATIONS......Page 233
9.2.2 'Anaerobic' protozoa......Page 234
9.2.4 Digenean worms......Page 235
9.2.6 Nematode worms......Page 236
9.3 CHEMICAL STRUCTURES OF KEY CURRENT DRUGS......Page 237
9.4.1 Mechanisms of action......Page 239
9.4.2 Mechanisms of selective toxicity......Page 241
9.4.3 Mechanisms of resistance to drugs......Page 243
9.5 DISCOVERY AND DEVELOPMENT OF NEW DRUGS......Page 245
9.5.1 Targets and their validation......Page 246
9.5.2 Identification of a chemical lead......Page 247
9.5.3 Overall development process......Page 248
APPENDIX......Page 249
10.2.1 Integrated control of parasitic infections......Page 257
10.2.2 Objectives of control......Page 259
10.2.5 The role of primary health care in parasite disease control......Page 260
10.2.6 Geographical, economic and political variations in control objectives......Page 261
10.3 METHODS OF CONTROL......Page 264
10.3.3 Control of reservoir hosts and their infections......Page 265
10.4.1 Insecticides......Page 266
10.4.3 Insecticide application methods......Page 267
10.4.4 Mosquito control......Page 268
10.4.5 Tsetse control......Page 269
10.4.6 Sandfly control......Page 270
10.4.8 Blackfly control......Page 271
10.4.10 Control of ticks......Page 272
10.6 CONTROL OF ECTOPARASITES......Page 273
10.7 SANITATION......Page 274
Index......Page 279