Modern land law

Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 2
Copyright Page......Page 3
Table of Contents......Page 6
List of Abbreviations......Page 11
Preface......Page 12
Guide to the Companion Website......Page 14
Table of Cases......Page 15
Table of Statutes......Page 30
Table of Statutory Instruments......Page 36
Table of European Legislation......Page 37
1 AN INTRODUCTION TO MODERN LAND LAW......Page 38
1.1 The Nature and Scope of the Law of Real Property......Page 40
1.2 Types of Proprietary Right......Page 43
1.3 The Legal or Equitable Quality of Proprietary Rights......Page 47
1.4 The Consequences of the Distinction between Legal and Equitable Property Rights......Page 53
1.5 The 1925 Property Legislation and the Land Registration Act 2002......Page 55
1.6 The Distinction between Registered and Unregistered Land......Page 56
1.7 Chapter Summary......Page 60
2 REGISTERED LAND......Page 63
2.1 The Basic Concept of Title Registration......Page 65
2.2 The Nature and Purpose of the System of Registered Land......Page 68
2.3 The Three Fundamental Operating Principles of Registered Land......Page 70
2.4 An Overview of the Registered Land System Under the Land Registration Act 2002......Page 73
2.5 The Operation of Registered Land: Titles......Page 81
2.6 The Operation of Registered Land: Unregistered Interests which Override......Page 85
2.7 The Operation of Registered Land: Protected Registered Interests under the Land Registration Act 2002......Page 110
2.8 Restrictions......Page 117
2.9 The Operation of Registered Land: Overreaching......Page 118
2.10 Alteration of the Register......Page 122
2.11 Indemnity under the Land Registration Act 2002......Page 126
2.12 An Overview of the Land Registration Act 2002......Page 128
2.13 Chapter Summary......Page 129
3 UNREGISTERED LAND......Page 132
3.1 Unregistered Land: An Introduction to the System of Unregistered Conveyancing......Page 133
3.2 An Overview of Unregistered Land......Page 135
3.3 Titles in Unregistered Land......Page 138
3.4 Third-party Rights in Unregistered Land......Page 140
3.5 The Purchaser of Unregistered Land and the Protection of Legal Rights......Page 141
3.6 The Purchaser of Unregistered Land and the Protection of Equitable Interests: The Land Charges Act 1972......Page 142
3.7 Overreachable Rights......Page 153
3.8 A Residual Class of Equitable Interests in Unregistered Conveyancing......Page 155
3.9 Inherent Problems in the System of Unregistered Land......Page 157
3.10 A Comparison with Registered Land......Page 159
3.11 Chapter Summary......Page 160
4 CO-OWNERSHIP......Page 163
4.2 Joint Tenancy......Page 165
4.3 Tenancy in Common......Page 167
4.4 The Effect of the Law of Property Act 1925 and the Trusts of Land and Appointment of Trustees Act 1996......Page 168
4.5 The Distinction between Joint Tenancy and Tenancy in Common in Practice: The Equitable Interest......Page 171
4.6 The Statutory Machinery Governing Co-ownership......Page 174
4.7 The Nature of the Unseverable Legal Joint Tenancy: The Trust of Land......Page 175
4.8 The Advantages of the 1925 and 1996 Legislative Reforms......Page 178
4.9 The Disadvantages of the Trust of Land as a Device for Regulating Co-ownership......Page 180
4.10 The Express and Implied Creation of Co-ownership in Practice: Express, Resulting and Constructive Trusts......Page 199
4.11 Severance......Page 218
4.12 Chapter Summary......Page 222
5 SUCCESSIVE INTERESTS IN LAND......Page 228
5.1 Successive Interests: In General......Page 229
5.2 Successive Interests Under the Old Regime: The Strict Settlement and the Settled Land Act 1925......Page 235
5.4 A Comparison between the Strict Settlement under the Settled Land Act 1925 and the Regime of the Trusts of Land and Appointment of Trustees Act 1996......Page 242
5.5 Chapter Summary......Page 243
6 LEASES......Page 247
6.1 The Nature of a Lease......Page 248
6.2 The Essential Characteristics of a Lease......Page 250
6.3 The Creation of Legal and Equitable Leases......Page 259
6.4 Leasehold Covenants......Page 267
6.5 Rules for Leases Granted before 1 January 1996......Page 268
6.6 The New Scheme – The Law Applicable to Tenancies Granted on or after 1 January 1996: The Landlord and Tenant (Covenants) Act 1995......Page 284
6.7 The Landlord’s Remedies for Breach of Covenant......Page 293
6.8 The Tenant’s Remedies for Breach of Covenant......Page 304
6.9 Termination of Leases......Page 305
6.10 Chapter Summary......Page 307
7 THE LAW OF EASEMENTS AND PROFITS......Page 312
7.2 The Essential Characteristics of an Easement......Page 313
7.4 Legal Easements......Page 322
7.5 Equitable Easements......Page 324
7.6 The Significance of the Distinction between Legal and Equitable Easements in Practice: Easements and Purchasers of the Dominant or Servient Tenement......Page 325
7.7 The Creation of Easements......Page 331
7.8 Express Creation......Page 332
7.9 Implied Creation......Page 333
7.10 Easements Resulting from Prescription......Page 344
7.11 Methods of Establishing an Easement by Prescription......Page 350
7.13 A Note on Profits à Prendre......Page 353
7.15 Chapter Summary......Page 354
8 FREEHOLD COVENANTS......Page 359
8.1 The Nature of Freehold Covenants......Page 361
8.2 The Relevance of Law and Equity and the Enforcement of Covenants......Page 363
8.3 The Factual Context for the Enforcement of Freehold Covenants......Page 364
8.4 Principle 1: Enforcing the Covenant in an Action between the Original Covenantor and the Original Covenantee......Page 365
8.5 Principle 2: Enforcing the Covenant against Successors in Title to the Original Covenantor – Passing the Burden......Page 367
8.6 Principle 3: Passing the Benefit of a Covenant to Successors in Title to the Original Covenantee......Page 374
8.7 Escaping the Confines of the Rules: Can the Burden of Positive Covenants be Enforced by Other Means?......Page 382
8.8 Chapter Summary......Page 387
9 LICENCES AND PROPRIETARY ESTOPPEL......Page 391
9.2 The Essential Nature of a Licence......Page 392
9.3 Types of Licence......Page 395
9.4 Proprietary Estoppel......Page 404
9.5 Conditions for the Operation of Proprietary Estoppel......Page 406
9.6 What is the Result of a Successful Plea of Proprietary Estoppel?......Page 415
9.7 The Nature of Proprietary Estoppel and its Effect on Third Parties......Page 416
9.8 Proprietary Estoppel and Constructive Trusts......Page 421
9.9 Chapter Summary......Page 423
10 THE LAW OF MORTGAGES......Page 427
10.1 The Essential Nature of a Mortgage......Page 428
10.3 The Creation of Legal Mortgages on or after 1 January 1926......Page 433
10.4 Legal Mortgages of Freehold Property: Unregistered Land and Registered Freehold Titles Mortgaged before 13 October 2003......Page 434
10.5 Legal Mortgages of Leasehold Property: Unregistered Leases and Registered Leasehold Titles Mortgaged before 13 October 2003......Page 435
10.6 Legal Mortgages of Registered Titles under the Land Registration Act 2002......Page 436
10.7 Registration of Legal Mortgages under the Land Registration Act 2002......Page 437
10.8 Equitable Mortgages......Page 438
10.9 The Rights of the Mortgagor: The Equity of Redemption......Page 443
10.10 The Rights of the Mortgagee under a Legal Mortgage: Remedies for Default......Page 459
10.12 Chapter Summary......Page 473
11 ADVERSE POSSESSION......Page 478
11.1 How is Adverse Possession Established? The Rules Common to Unregistered and Registered Land......Page 481
11.2 The Basic Principle of Adverse Possession in Unregistered Land......Page 486
11.3 Adverse Possession under the Land Registration Act 1925......Page 494
11.4 Adverse Possession under the Land Registration Act 2002......Page 495
11.5 Adverse Possession and Human Rights......Page 501
11.6 Chapter Summary......Page 503
Index......Page 508