Modern Korean Grammar: A Practical Guide

Cover
Title
Copyright
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
Part A Structures
	1 Nouns
		Notes before reading
		1.1 Three groups of Korean nouns
		1.2 Noun formation
		1.3 Prenouns and bound nouns
		1.4 Some characteristics of Korean nouns
			1.4.1 Positions
			1.4.2 Gender
			1.4.3 Plurality
			1.4.4 Collocations
			1.4.5 Honorific nouns
	2 Pronouns
		2.1 The first person pronoun
		2.2 The second person pronoun
		2.3 The third person pronoun
		2.4 Indefinite pronouns
	3 Numbers and counters
		3.1 Numbers
		3.2 Counters
		3.3 Counting
		3.4 Sino-Korean numbers vs. native Korean numbers
		3.5 Ordinals
	4 Nominalizing endings
		4.1 The nominalizing ending ~기
			4.1.1 ~기가 어렵다 “difficult to”
			4.1.2 ~기가 무섭게/바쁘게 “just after”
			4.1.3 ~기 나름이다 “depends on ~ing”
			4.1.4 ~기는요? “What do you mean?”
			4.1.5 ~기나 하다 “at least do”
			4.1.6 ~기는 하다 “indeed”
			4.1.7 ~기는 커녕 “far from ~ing”
			4.1.8 ~기도 하다 “indeed”
			4.1.9 ~기 때문에 “because of ~ing”
			4.1.10 ~기로 하다 “decide to”
			4.1.11 ~기를 바라다/원하다 “hope”
			4.1.12 ~기 마련이다 “bound to”
			4.1.13 ~기 시작하다 “begin”
			4.1.14 ~기 십상이다 “it is easy to”
			4.1.15 ~기에는 “as for (doing something)”
			4.1.16 ~기에 따라서 “according to”
			4.1.17 ~기에 앞서서 “before ~ing”
			4.1.18 ~기 위해서 “as for ~ing”
			4.1.19 ~기 일쑤이다 “routinely”
			4.1.20 ~기 전에 “before ~ing”
			4.1.21 ~기 짝이 없다 “beyond measure”
		4.2 The nominalizing ending ~(으)ㅁ
		4.3 The nominalizing ending ~이
		4.4 The use of ~는 것 to create a noun form
	5 Case particles I
		5.1 Case and special particles
		5.2 Characteristics of particles
		5.3 The subject particle 이/가
			5.3.1 The particle 이/가 in negation
			5.3.2 Double subject constructions
			5.3.3 Interplay between the subject and the topic particles
		5.4 The direct object particle 을/를
		5.5 The possessive particle 의
	6 Case particles II
		6.1 Particles of location and movement
			6.1.1 에 “to/in/at/per/in addition to”
			6.1.2 에다(가) “in/on/addition to”
			6.1.3 에서 “from/at/in”
			6.1.4 (으)로부터 “from”
			6.1.5 한테/에게/께 “to”
			6.1.6 한테(서)/에게(서) “from”
		6.2 Instrumental particles
			6.2.1 (으)로(서/써) “as/by/with”
		6.3 Comitative particles
			6.3.1 와/과 “and/with”
			6.3.2 (이)랑 “and/with”
			6.3.3 하고 “and/with”
	7 Special particles I
		7.1 The differences between case particles and special particles
		7.2 Particles of topic and focus
			7.2.1 은/는 “as for”
			7.2.2 (이)야 “if it be”
			7.2.3 (이)야말로 “indeed”
		7.3 Particles of comparison and contrast
			7.3.1 보다 “more than”
			7.3.2 처럼/같이 “like”
			7.3.3 만큼 “as . . . as”
			7.3.4 따라 “unusually”
			7.3.5 대로 “in accordance with”
		7.4 Particles of frequency
			7.4.1 마다 “every”
			7.4.2 씩 “each”
	8 Special particles II
		8.1 Particles of extent
			8.1.1 부터 “from”
			8.1.2 까지 “to, until, including (even)”
			8.1.3 도 “also, even”
			8.1.4 마저/조차 “even”
			8.1.5 만 “only”
			8.1.6 밖에 “nothing but”
			8.1.7 뿐 “only, just”
			8.1.8 은/는커녕 “far from”
		8.2 Particles of approximation and optionality
			8.2.1 쯤 “about”
			8.2.2 (이)나 “about, or”
	9 Verbs, adjectives, and copula
		9.1 Verbs and adjectives
			9.1.1 Stems
			9.1.2 Vowel-based and consonant-based stems
		9.2 Endings
			9.2.1 Pre-final endings
			9.2.2 Non-sentence-final endings
			9.2.3 Sentence-final endings
		9.3 The copula 이다
	10 Irregular predicates
		10.1 ㄷ-irregular
		10.2 ㅂ-irregular
		10.3 ㅅ-irregular
		10.4 ㅎ-irregular
		10.5 으-irregular
		10.6 르-irregular
		10.7 ㄹ-irregular
	11 Past tenses
		11.1 Past tense marker ~었/았
		11.2 Double past tense marker ~었었/았었
		11.3 The retrospective suffix ~더
	12 Future tenses and aspect
		12.1 Future tenses
			12.1.1 ~(으)ㄹ 거 “will”
			12.1.2 ~(으)ㄹ래 “will (intend)”
			12.1.3 ~(으)ㄹ게 “will (promise)”
			12.1.4 ~겠 “will (intend), conjecture”
		12.2 Continuous tense/aspect
			12.2.1 ~고 있다
			12.2.2 ~어/아 있다
	13 Auxiliary verbs I
		13.1 ~어/아 가다 /오다 “continue to”
		13.2 ~어/아 내다 “do all the way (to the very end)”
		13.3 ~어/아 놓다 (or 두다) “do for later”
		13.4 ~어/아 대다 “do continuously”
		13.5 ~어/아 버리다 “end up doing”
		13.6 ~어/아 보다 “try (doing something)”
	14 Auxiliary verbs II
		14.1 ~어/아 보이다 “appear to be”
		14.2 ~어/아 빠지다 “fall into a negative state”
		14.3 ~어/아 주다 “do for”
		14.4 ~어/아 치우다 “do hurriedly”
		14.5 ~어/아하다 “be in the state of”
		14.6 ~어/아지다 “become”
	15 Auxiliary verbs III
		15.1 ~고 말다 “end up ~ing”
		15.2 ~고 보다 “try (something first) and then see what it is like”
		15.3 ~고 싶다 “want to”
		15.4 ~(으)ㄹ까 싶다 “afraid that it may”
		15.5 ~(으)ㄹ까 보다 “am thinking of, worrying that”
		15.6 ~(으)ㄹ까 하다/생각하다 “am thinking of (doing something)”
		15.7 ~나/(으)ㄴ가 보다 “appears that”
		15.8 ~게 되다 “turns out”
		15.9 ~어/아야 되다 “must”
	16 Clausal conjunctives I
		16.1 Restrictions
		16.2 Clausal conjunctives (reasons and cause)
			16.2.1 ~어/아서 “so, and then”
			16.2.2 ~(으)니까 “as, since, because”
			16.2.3 ~(으)ㄹ 테니까 “since”
			16.2.4 ~느라고 “as a result of, while doing”
			16.2.5 ~(으)므로 “because of”
			16.2.6 ~더니 “but, since”
			16.2.7 ~길래 “so, since”
	17 Clausal conjunctives II
		17.1 Clausal conjunctives (background)
			17.1.1 ~는/(으)ㄴ데 “and, but, while”
			17.1.2 ~(으)ㄹ 텐데 “I guess that . . .”
		17.2 Clausal conjunctives (contrast)
			17.2.1 ~지만 “although”
			17.2.2 ~(으)나 “but, however”
			17.2.3 ~(으)나 마나 “whether . . . or not”
			17.2.4 ~어/아도 “even though”
			17.2.5 ~는/(으)ㄴ데도 “although, even after”
			17.2.6 ~더라도 “even though”
			17.2.7 ~어/아서라도 “even if it means”
			17.2.8 ~고도 “even after”
			17.2.9 ~(으)ㄴ들 “even if, granted that”
			17.2.10 ~(으)ㄹ지라도 “even if”
			17.2.11 ~(으)ㄹ지언정 “even though”
			17.2.12 ~(으)ㄹ망정 “even if”
			17.2.13 ~느니 “rather, instead of doing X”
			17.2.14 ~기로서니 “even though”
	18 Clausal conjunctives III
		18.1 Clausal conjunctives (intention)
			18.1.1 ~(으)러 “to, in order to”
			18.1.2 ~(으)려고 “to, intending to”
			18.1.3 ~(으)려다가 “intending to”
			18.1.4 ~고자 “intending to”
			18.1.5 ~게 “so that”
			18.1.6 ~도록 “so that, to the extent that”
		18.2 Clausal conjunctives (conditions)
			18.2.1 ~(으)면 “if, when”
			18.2.2 ~(으)려면 “if, when (one intends to do)”
			18.2.3 ~었/았더라면 “if, when (something had been the case)”
			18.2.4 ~거든 “if, when”
			18.2.5 ~어/아야 “only if”
			18.2.6 ~(으)ㄹ수록 “the more . . . the more”
	19 Clausal conjunctives IV
		19.1 Clausal conjunctives (sequence)
			19.1.1 ~고 “and, and also, as well”
			19.1.2 ~고서 “and, and then”
			19.1.3 ~거니와 “as well as”
			19.1.4 ~(으)면서 “while”
			19.1.5 ~(으)며 “and, while”
			19.1.6 ~자마자 “as soon as”
			19.1.7 ~다가 “while doing, do and then”
		19.2 Clausal conjunctives (option)
			19.2.1 ~거나 “or”
			19.2.2 ~든지 “or, regardless”
		19.3 Clausal conjunctives (comparison)
			19.3.1 ~듯이 “like, as, as if”
			19.3.2 ~다시피 “just as, as if”
	20 Negation
		20.1 The short-form negation [안/ 못 + predicate]
		20.2 The long-form negation: ~지 않아요 and ~지 못해요
		20.3 The negative auxiliary verb ~지 말다
		20.4 Sino-Korean negative prefixes
	21 Modifiers
		21.1 The noun-modifying ending ~는
		21.2 The noun-modifying ending ~(으)ㄴ
		21.3 The noun-modifying ending ~(으)ㄹ
		21.4 The noun-modifying ending ~던
		21.5 Placing a noun-modifying unit in a sentence
	22 Expressions with modifier clauses I
		22.1 ~는/(으)ㄴ/(으)ㄹ/던 것 같다 “it seems”
		22.2 ~는/(으)ㄴ 것이다 “the fact is”
		22.3 ~(으)ㄹ 겸 “to do A and to do B”
		22.4 ~(으)ㄹ 계획이다 “plans to”
		22.5 ~는/(으)ㄴ 김에 “since/while you are at it/doing it”
		22.6 ~는/던 길에 “on the way to/from”
		22.7 ~(으)ㄴ 다음에 “after”
		22.8 ~(으)ㄴ 덕분에 “thanks to, by (someone’s) favor”
		22.9 ~는/(으)ㄴ 대로 “as soon as”
		22.10 ~는 동안 /사이에 “while”
		22.11 ~는/(으)ㄴ/(으)ㄹ 듯하다/듯싶다 “seems”
		22.12 ~(으)ㄹ 때 “when”
	23 Expressions with modifier clauses II
		23.1 ~(으)ㄹ 리가 없다 “it is not possible that”
		23.2 ~(으)ㄹ 만하다 “worth”
		23.3 ~는/(으)ㄴ/(으)ㄹ 모양이다 “appears to”
		23.4 ~(으)ㄹ 바에 “rather . . . than”
		23.5 ~는/(으)ㄴ 바람에 “because of”
		23.6 ~는/(으)ㄴ 반면에 “on the other hand”
		23.7 ~는/(으)ㄴ 법이다 “it’s certain that . . .”
		23.8 ~(으)ㄹ 법하다 “be likely”
		23.9 ~(으)ㄹ 뻔했다 “almost”
		23.10 ~(으)ㄹ 뿐 “only”
		23.11 ~(으)ㄹ 수 있다/없다 “can, cannot”
		23.12 ~는/(으)ㄴ 이상 “since, unless”
		23.13 ~(으)ㄴ 일/적/경험이 있다/없다 “ever, never”
	24 Expressions with modifier clauses III
		24.1 ~(으)ㄹ 정도로 “to the extent that”
		24.2 ~는/(으)ㄴ/(으)ㄹ 줄 알다/모르다 “know, think”
		24.3 ~는 도중에 “in the middle of”
		24.4 ~는 중이다 “be in the middle of”
		24.5 ~(으)ㄴ 지 되다/지나다 “it’s been . . . since”
		24.6 ~(으)ㄴ 채로 “just as it is, while”
		24.7 ~는/(으)ㄴ 척/체하다 “pretend”
		24.8 ~는/(으)ㄴ 탓/통에 “because of”
		24.9 ~는/(으)ㄴ 편이다 “tends to”
		24.10 ~는/(으)ㄴ 한 “as long as”
	25 Sentence endings I
		25.1 ~거든(요) “you see”
		25.2 ~고말고(요) “of course”
		25.3 ~군(요) “oh, I see . . .!”
		25.4 ~네(요) “wow, I see that . . .”
			25.4.1 ~겠네요
			25.4.2 ~었/았겠네요
	26 Sentence endings II
		26.1 ~(으)ㄹ걸(요) “regrets, guessing”
		26.2 ~(으)ㄹ까(요)? “wondering”
		26.3 ~(으)ㄹ 텐데(요) “I am afraid that, I suppose that”
		26.4 ~(으)렴 “may, go ahead (giving orders)”
		26.5 ~잖아(요) “you know”
		26.6 ~지(요) “right?”
	27 Addressee honorifics: speech level endings
		27.1 Korean honorifics
		27.2 Addressee honorifics: speech level endings
			27.2.1 The formal speech level
			27.2.2 The polite speech level
			27.2.3 The intimate speech level
			27.2.4 The plain speech level
			27.2.5 The familiar speech level and the blunt speech level
	28 Referent honorifics
		28.1 The subject honorific suffix ~(으)시
		28.2 Honorific verbs/adjectives
		28.3 The honorific particles 께 and 께서
		28.4 Object honorification by using “humble verbs”
		28.5 Honorific nouns
		28.6 Using the honorific elements together
	29 The passive construction
		29.1 The passive suffix ~이, ~히, ~리, ~기
		29.2 Passives with ~어/아지다
		29.3 Passives with “noun + 되다”
		29.4 Verbs with a passive-like meaning
	30 The causative construction
		30.1 Causative suffixes: ~이, ~히, ~리, ~기, ~우, ~구, ~추
		30.2 The causative constructions ~게 하다 and ~도록 하다
		30.3 Causatives with “noun + 시키다”
	31 Direct and indirect questions/quotations
		31.1 Indirect question form ~는/(으)ㄴ/(으)ㄹ지
		31.2 Indicating a speculative mindset
		31.3 Direct quotations
		31.4 Indirect quotations
		31.5 Abbreviation of the indirect quotation endings in colloquial usages
		31.6 Reporting one’s thoughts or feelings
	32 Prenouns
	33 Adverbs
		33.1 Adverbs
			33.1.1 Semantic categorization of adverbs
			33.1.2 Structural categorization of adverbs
		33.2 Mimetic/onomatopoetic words
Part B Functions
	34 Ability
		34.1 Using words that indicate “ability”
		34.2 ~(으)ㄹ 줄 알다/모르다 “know how to”
		34.3 ~(으)ㄹ 수 있다/없다 “can/cannot”
		34.4 ~다 못해(서) “unable to”
	35 Addressing someone
		35.1 Address terms in Korean
		35.2 How to address a family member
		35.3 How to address a friend/familiar person
		35.4 How to address a colleague at your workplace
		35.5 How to address an unfamiliar person/stranger
	36 Advice
		36.1 Seeking advice
			36.1.1 ~(으)ㄹ까요? “wondering”
		36.2 Giving advice
			36.2.1 ~지 그래요? “why don’t you . . .?”
			36.2.2 ~도록 하세요 “do”
		36.3 Seeking and giving advice
			36.3.1 어때요/어떨까요? “How about?”
			36.3.2 ~지 않을까요? “Don’t you think . . .?”
			36.3.3 ~것이 어떨까 싶네요 “how about . . .”
			36.3.4 ~(으)ㄹ 만하다 “worth . . .”
		36.4 Responding to advice
	37 Causes
		37.1 Asking about cause
		37.2 Expressing cause
			37.2.1 N의 원인은 N이다 “N’s cause is N.”
			37.2.2 N때문에 “because of N”
			37.2.3 ~기 때문에 “because of ~ing”
			37.2.4 N으로 말미암아(서) “owing to N”
			37.2.5 N으로 인해서 “due to N”
	38 Changes
		38.1 Expressing a change in action/state
			38.1.1 ~게 되다 “to turn out”
			38.1.2 ~(으)ㄹ수록 “the more . . . the more”
			38.1.3 ~어/아지다 “become”
		38.2 Verbs that express a change
	39 Choices
		39.1 A하고 B하고 어느 쪽으로 하시겠어요? “Which would you prefer, A or B?”
		39.2 ~거나 “or”
		39.3 ~건 ~건 “whether . . . or not”
		39.4 ~느니 “rather, instead of doing X”
		39.5 N 대신에 “instead of N”
		39.6 ~는/(으)ㄴ 대신에 “in place of ~ing”
		39.7 ~든지 ~든지 “or else”
		39.8 ~(으)ㄹ 바에(야) “rather . . . than”
		39.9 N(이)나 “or”
		39.10 N이라도 “even if it is”
	40 Comparing
		40.1 N보다 더/덜 “more/less than noun”
		40.2 ~는/ㄴ다기보다(는) “rather than”
		40.3 N와/과 비교해서 and N에 비해서 “when compared to”
		40.4 N 만큼 “as . . . as”
		40.5 ~는 것보다 ~는 게 낫다 “Doing X is better than doing X.”
		40.6 N중에서 N가 최고로/제일
	41 Complaining
		41.1 ~(으)면서 . . . 해요 “while”
		41.2 아무리 ~기로서니 “no matter how . . . you may be . . .”
		41.3 ~어/아 빠지다 “is extremely”
		41.4 ~기 일쑤이다 “prone to”
		41.5 ~어/아 대다 “do frequently”
		41.6 ~(으)려고 들다 “rush to”
		41.7 ~었/았어야지요 “should have”
		41.8 Examples of complaining remarks
	42 Conditions
		42.1 Expressing conditions by conjunctives
			42.1.1 ~거든 “when, if”
			42.1.2 ~(으)면 “if, when”
			42.1.3 ~(으)면 몰라도 “unless”
			42.1.4 ~(으)려면 “if you intend to”
			42.1.5 ~어/아야 “only if”
		42.2 Other ways to express conditions
			42.2.1 ~할 경우 “in the event that”
			42.2.2 ~지 않는 한/이상 “unless”
			42.2.3 ~(느)냐에 달려 있다 “it depends on”
			42.2.4 ~기 나름이다 “it depends on”
	43 Congratulations, condolence, and gratitude expressions
		43.1 Congratulating someone
		43.2 Expressing good wishes for special occasions
		43.3 Expressing concerns and condolences
			43.3.1 When you express concern
			43.3.2 When you express condolences in person
			43.3.3 When you express condolences in formal speech or writing
		43.4 Gratitude
			43.4.1 In casual conversations
			43.4.2 In formal speech or writing
			43.4.3 When you receive a gift
			43.4.4 Before being treated to a meal/drink
			43.4.5 After being treated to a meal/drink
		43.5 Replying to expressions of gratitude
	44 Conjecture
		44.1 ~겠네요/겠어요 “you must be . . .”
		44.2 ~나/(으)ㄴ가 보다 “it looks like”
		44.3 ~나/(으)ㄴ가 했다 “I thought/guessed that”
		44.4 ~는/(으)ㄴ/(으)ㄹ 것 같다 “I think/guess that”
		44.5 ~는/(으)ㄴ/ (으)ㄹ 듯하다 “it seems that . . .”
		44.6 ~는/(으)ㄴ/(으)ㄹ 모양이다 “it appears that . . .”
		44.7 ~는/(으)ㄴ/(으)ㄹ 줄 알았다/몰랐다 “knew/thought”
		44.8 ~어/아 보이다 “appears to be”
		44.9 ~(으)ㄹ 거예요 “I think/guess”
		44.10 ~(으)ㄹ걸요 “I bet/think”
		44.11 ~(으)ㄹ까요 “Do you think . . .?”
		44.12 ~(으)ㄹ지도 모르다 “not sure if”
		44.13 ~(으)ㄹ 텐데 “I guess that”
		44.14 ~(으)ㄹ 테니까 “I suppose . . . so”
	45 Contrast
		45.1 Expressing contrasts with clausal conjunctives
			45.1.1 ~고도 “although, even after”
			45.1.2 ~건만 “despite”
			45.1.3 ~지만 “although”
			45.1.4 ~기는 ~지만 “indeed . . . but”
			45.1.5 ~어/아도 “although”
			45.1.6 ~더라도 “even though”
			45.1.7 ~으나 “but”
			45.1.8 ~는/(으)ㄴ데(도) “even after”
		45.2 Expressing contrast with conjunctional adverbs
		45.3 Expressing contrast with the particle 은/는
		45.4 Other expressions of contrast
			45.4.1 ~는/(으)ㄴ가 하면 “on the other hand”
			45.4.2 ~는/(으)ㄴ 반면에 “on the other hand”
			45.4.3 ~(으)ㅁ에도 불구하고 “even after, in spite of”
		45.5 For writings and formal contexts
	46 Deciding
		46.1 결정 + verb “decide”
		46.2 결심하다 “make a resolution”
		46.3 정하다 “decide on, choose, set”
		46.4 ~기로 하다 “decide to”
	47 Degree and extent
		47.1 Expressing degree and extent
			47.1.1 N만 “only”
			47.1.2 N만하다 “be as . . . as”
			47.1.3 N만 해도 “just talking about . . .”
			47.1.4 N뿐 “only”
			47.1.5 N밖에 “nothing but, only”
			47.1.6 ~기 짝이 없다 “beyond measure”
			47.1.7 ~도록 “to the extent that . . .”
			47.1.8 ~(으)ㄹ 정도로 “to the extent that . . .”
			47.1.9 ~(으)리만치 (similar to ~을 정도로)
			47.1.10 ~는/(으)ㄴ/(으)ㄹ 만큼 “to the extent that . . .”
		47.2 Expressing the degree of satisfaction
	48 Describing people, places, weather, color, and taste
		48.1 Describing people
		48.2 Describing places
		48.3 Describing the weather
		48.4 Describing color
		48.5 Describing the taste of food
	49 Discoveries
		49.1 ~군/네(요) “oh, I see . . .”
		49.2 ~(으)니까 “when”
		49.3 ~고 보니(까) “after having tried doing . . . and then realize”
		49.4 ~다(가) 보니(까) “after tried doing X . . . and then realize”
		49.5 ~다(가) 보면 “if/when continue to do something . . . then . . . will”
		49.6 ~(었/았)더니 “since, seeing as”
	50 Emphasizing strategies
		50.1 ~거든요 “you see, you know”
		50.2 ~잖아요 “you know”
		50.3 ~기가 이를 데 없다 (~기가 그지없다/~기 짝이 없다) “extremely”
		50.4 ~기는 커녕 “far from ~ing”
		50.5 여간 ~지 않다 “exceedingly”
		50.6 얼마나/어찌나 ~은/는지 (모르다) “don’t know . . . how . . .”
		50.7 ~(으)ㄹ 뿐이다 “only, just”
		50.8 ~(으)ㄹ 수밖에 없다 “have no choice but”
		50.9 ~(으)ㄹ래야 ~(으)ㄹ 수가 없다 “though I try . . . I can’t”
		50.10 N(이)야말로 “indeed”
		50.11 ~는/(으)ㄴ 데다가 “besides”
		50.12 Using exclamatory remarks
	51 Establishing a sequence
	52 Experiences
		52.1 Nouns and verbs that indicate one’s experience
		52.2 ~(으)ㄴ 적/일이 있다/없다 “have/don’t have an experience of ~ing”
		52.3 ~어/아 보다 “try (doing something)”
		52.4 ~어/아 본 적/일이 있다/없다 “have/don’t have an experience of trying”
	53 Greetings and leave taking
		53.1 Greetings
			53.1.1 Greetings as phatic expressions
			53.1.2 When you meet someone for the first time
			53.1.3 When you greet someone who you have not seen for a long time
			53.1.4 When you enter unfamiliar places
			53.1.5 When you return from your work, school, or an outing
		53.2 Leave taking
			53.2.1 When you end a conversation
			53.2.2 When you leave for work/school
			53.2.3 When you leave the office/work
			53.2.4 When you say good-bye
	54 Hypothetical situations
		54.1 ~는/ㄴ다면 “if”
		54.2 ~는/ㄴ다고 치다/가정하다/하다 “supposedly . . .”
		54.3 ~는/ㄴ다고 해서 “saying we suppose”
		54.4 ~더라도 “even if”
		54.5 ~(으)ㄹ 뻔하다 “almost”
		54.6 ~(으)ㄹ지라도 “even if . . . may”
		54.7 ~(으)ㄹ지언정 “even though . . . may”
		54.8 ~(으)ㄹ망정 “even if . . . may”
		54.9 ~기 망정이지 “it was good that . . . otherwise . . .”
		54.10 ~는/(으)ㄴ 셈치다 “suppose”
		54.11 ~었/았더라면 “if/when (something had been the case)”
		54.12 ~(으)나 . . . ~(으)나 “whether . . . or”
	55 Initiating and maintaining conversations
		55.1 Initiating a conversation
		55.2 Introducing topics
			55.2.1 The particle 은/는 “as for”
			55.2.2 N에 관해서는 “regarding”
			55.2.3 N에 대해서 “about”
		55.3 Switching topics
		55.4 Listener responses
			55.4.1 Paying attention
			55.4.2 Asking for confirmation
			55.4.3 Showing surprise
			55.4.4 Requesting a repetition
			55.4.5 Making corrections
			55.4.6 Acknowledging what the other says
	56 Intentions and plans
		56.1 ~겠어요 “will”
		56.2 ~어야겠어요 “I think that I need to . . .”
		56.3 ~(으)ㄹ 거예요 “will”
		56.4 ~(으)ㄹ게요 “will (promise)”
		56.5 ~(으)ㄹ까 해요 “I am thinking of ~ing”
		56.6 ~(으)ㄹ래요 “will (intend)”
		56.7 ~어/아야지 “will, should”
		56.8 ~(으)ㄹ 겸 . . . ~(으)ㄹ 겸 “to do A and to do B”
		56.9 ~(으)려다가 “intending to”
		56.10 ~(으)리라 “will”
		56.11 Other ways to indicate intention or plans
	57 Likes and wishes
		57.1 좋아하다 “like”
		57.2 ~고 싶다 “want, wish, would like to”
		57.3 ~(으)면 좋겠다/하다 “It’d be great if . . .”
		57.4 ~기 바라다 “to hope”
		57.5 마음에 들다 “be to one’s liking”
		57.6 희망 “hope” and 소원 “wish”
		57.7 원하다 “to want”
		57.8 Expressing good wishes in writing or in person
	58 Listing and including additional information
		58.1 Listing
			58.1.1 ~고 “and”
			58.1.2 ~는가 하면 “while”
			58.1.3 ~(으)랴 ~(으)랴 “while doing X and doing X”
			58.1.4 ~(으)며 “and”
			58.1.5 N(이)며 N(이)며 “and”
		58.2 Expressing additional information
			58.2.1 Particles and conjunctives
			58.2.2 ~거니와 “as well as”
			58.2.3 ~는/(으)ㄴ 데다가 “in addition to”
			58.2.4 ~(으)ㄹ 뿐만 아니라 “not just . . . but also . . .”
			58.2.5 ~(으)ㄹ뿐더러 “not only . . . but also”
			58.2.6 N을/를 비롯해서 “including, starting with N”
	59 Location, direction, and distance
		59.1 Asking and describing the location of an object
			59.1.1 N에 있다 “there is . . .”
		59.2 Asking and indicating for directions/destination
			59.2.1 N에
			59.2.2 N(으)로
		59.3 Asking and indicating distance
			59.3.1 N에서 N까지
	60 Means
		60.1 Expressing means
			60.1.1 N(으)로 “as/by/with”
			60.1.2 N(으)로써 “as/by/with”
			60.1.3 N(을/를) 가지고 “by/with”
		60.2 Describing means of transportation
	61 Obligation and necessity
		61.1 Obligation
			61.1.1 ~지 않으면 안 되다 and 안 ~(으)면 안 되다 “must”
			61.1.2 ~어/아야 되다/하다 “must/have to”
			61.1.3 ~어/아야지요 “should”
			61.1.4 ~(으)ㄹ 의무가 있다 “have an obligation to”
			61.1.5 ~지 않아도 되다 “do not have to”
		61.2 Necessity
			61.2.1 ~이/가 필요하다 “be necessary”
			61.2.2 필요 없다 “no need”
			61.2.3 ~(으)ㄹ 필요가 있다 “it is necessary to”
			61.2.4 ~(으)ㄹ 필요가 없다 “there is no need for”
	62 Permission and prohibition
		62.1 Seeking and giving permission
			62.1.1 ~어/아도 되다 “you may”
		62.2 Denying permission/expressing prohibition
			62.2.1 ~(으)면 안 되다 “must not”
			62.2.2 ~지 마세요 “do not”
			62.2.3 Formal written words that specify prohibited activities
	63 Personal information
		63.1 Name
		63.2 Age
		63.3 Place of origin
		63.4 Nationality
		63.5 Occupation
		63.6 Marital status
		63.7 Family
	64 Possibility
		64.1 가능하다 “be possible”
		64.2 ~(으)ㄹ 수(도) 있다 “possible”
		64.3 ~(으)ㄹ지도 모르다 “may”
		64.4 ~(으)ㄹ 리가 없다 “it’s hardly possible”
	65 Probability and inevitability
		65.1 Expressing probability
			65.1.1 ~(으)ㄹ 거예요 “will probably”
			65.1.2 ~(으)ㄹ 법하다 “be likely”
		65.2 Expressing inevitability
			65.2.1 ~(으)ㄹ 게 뻔하다 “bound to”
			65.2.2 ~기 십상이다 “it is easy to”
			65.2.3 ~기 마련이다 “bound to”
			65.2.4 ~는 법이다 “it is certain that . . .”
			65.2.5 ~(으)ㄹ 수 밖에 없다 “have no choice but”
			65.2.6 안 ~(으)ㄹ 수 없다 “have no choice but”
			65.2.7 ~는/(으)ㄴ 마당에 “in this situation”
	66 Purpose
		66.1 Asking about purpose
		66.2 Expressing purpose
			66.2.1 ~고자 “intending to”
			66.2.2 ~으러 “in order to”
			66.2.3 ~(으)려고 “to”
			66.2.4 ~도록 “so that”
			66.2.5 ~게 “so that”
			66.2.6 N위해서 “for the sake of N”
	67 Reasons
		67.1 Asking about reasons
		67.2 Expressing reasons
			67.2.1 ~고 해서 “so”
			67.2.2 ~기에 “since”
			67.2.3 ~길래 “since”
			67.2.4 ~느라고 “as a result of”
			67.2.5 ~는/(으)ㄴ 바람에 “because of”
			67.2.6 ~는/(으)ㄴ 이상 “since”
			67.2.7 ~는/(으)ㄴ 탓/통에 “because”
			67.2.8 ~어/아서 “so”
			67.2.9 ~어/아서 그런지 “perhaps . . . so”
			67.2.10 ~(으)니까 “since”
			67.2.11 ~(으)므로 “because, since”
	68 Recollecting
		68.1 Some verbs, words, or phrases related to recollection
		68.2 The use of past tense marker ~었/았
			68.2.1 ~었/았었어요
			68.2.2 ~었/았을 때 “when”
			68.2.3 ~곤 했다 “used to”
		68.3 The use of retrospective suffix ~더
			68.3.1 ~데요 “I notice/remember that . . .”
			68.3.2 ~더라고(구)요 “I’m telling you, you know”
			68.3.3 The use of the retrospective noun-modifying ending ~던
			68.3.4 ~었/았던
			68.3.5 ~던데요 “I perceived that . . .”
	69 Regret and futility
		69.1 후회스럽다/유감스럽다 “regretful”
		69.2 ~고 말다 “end up ~ing”
		69.3 왜 . . . 는지 모르겠다 “not sure why . . .”
		69.4 ~(으)ㄹ걸 그랬다 “should have”
		69.5 ~었/았더라면 ~(으)ㄹ 텐데 “if/when . . . I guess that . . .”
		69.6 ~었/았아야 했는데 “should have”
		69.7 ~(으)나 마나 “whether . . . or not”
		69.8 ~어/아 봤자 “though you try . . . no use”
		69.9 ~(으)ㄴ들 “no matter how”
		69.10 ~(으)ㄴ 나머지 “as a result of, driven by”
	70 Requests
		70.1 Direct request/command
		70.2 ~어/아 주세요 “(Please) . . . for me.”
		70.3 ~(으)ㄹ 거지(요)? “You will . . ., right?”
		70.4 ~어/아 줄래(요)/주시겠어요? “Will/Would you . . .?”
		70.5 ~(으)ㄹ 수 있으세요? “Can/Could you . . .?”
		70.6 ~는지 아세요? “Do you know how to . . .?”
		70.7 ~어/아 주실 수 있을까(요)? “Would it be possible . . .?”
		70.8 ~어/아도 될까(요)/괜찮을까(요)? “Would it be fine even if . . .?”
		70.9 ~읍시다/어떨까 싶네요 “How about . . . Let’s . . . I wonder . . .”
		70.10 ~(으)면 한다/고맙겠다/감사하겠습니다 “I would appreciate it if . . .”
		70.11 Indirect request (want/need)
		70.12 Indirect request (hint)
	71 Similarity
		71.1 Indicating resemblance
			71.1.1 N처럼 “like”
			71.1.2 N같이 “like”
			71.1.3 닮다 “resemble, look alike, take after”
			71.1.4 비슷하다 “similar”
			71.1.5 흡사하다 “alike”
		71.2 Expressing sameness
			71.2.1 같다 “the same”
			71.2.2 마찬가지이다 “the same”
			71.2.3 N(이)나 다름없다 “no different from”
		71.3 Expressing in the same manner or form
			71.3.1 ~다시피 하다/되다 “as, in the same way, almost”
			71.3.2 ~듯이 “as, as if”
			71.3.3 ~는/(으)ㄴ 양 “as if”
			71.3.4 ~는/(으)ㄴ 척/체하다 “pretend”
	72 Simultaneous actions and states
		72.1 Indicating simultaneous actions by clausal conjunctives
			72.1.1 ~다가 “while doing”
			72.1.2 ~(으)면서 “while”
		72.2 Indicating simultaneous actions or states by modifier clauses
			72.2.1 ~는/(으)ㄴ 가운데 “while doing”
			72.2.2 ~는/(으)ㄴ 김에 “while you are at it”
			72.2.3 ~는 길에 “on the way to/from”
			72.2.4 ~는 동안(사이)에 “while”
			72.2.5 ~는 (도)중에 “in the middle of”
			72.2.6 ~(으)ㄴ 채로 “just as it is, while”
			72.2.7 ~(으)ㄹ 때 “when”
			72.2.8 ~(으)ㄹ 때마다 “every time”
	73 Softening strategies
		73.1 좀 “please”
		73.2 어떻게 “how”
		73.3 ~(으)ㄴ가(요)?/~나(요)?
		73.4 ~지(요)
		73.5 ~게 되다 “to become” and 그렇다 “to be so”
		73.6 ~는/(으)ㄴ 것 같다 “seems/appears to” and ~은/는 편이다 “tends to/kind of”
		73.7 ~어/아 주다 “do something” and ~어/아 보다 “to try something”
		73.8 ~는/(으)ㄴ 감이 있다 “feel like”
		73.9 The use of questions
		73.10 The use of clausal conjunctives as sentence endings
		73.11 The use of fillers
	74 Telling the time, date, etc.
		74.1 Telling the time
		74.2 Counting days
		74.3 Counting months and years
		74.4 Asking and telling the time
		74.5 Asking and telling dates
		74.6 Asking and telling when something will happen or happened
		74.7 Asking and telling how long something takes
		74.8 Asking and telling the time that has passed for a certain period
			74.8.1 N동안
			74.8.2 ~(으)ㄴ 지 지나다/되다
	75 Temporal relations
		75.1 Expressing “before”
			75.1.1 N전(에) “before N”
			75.1.2 ~기 전(에) “before ~ing”
		75.2 Expressing “after”
			75.2.1 N다음/ 후(에) “after N”
			75.2.2 ~(으)ㄴ 후/다음(에) “after”
			75.2.3 ~(으)ㄴ 끝에 “after”
			75.2.4 N만(에) “after”
			75.2.5 ~고 나서 “after having (done something)”
		75.3 Expressing sequence “and then”
			75.3.1 ~고 “and then”
			75.3.2 ~어/아서 “and then”
			75.3.3 ~고서 “after, and then”
			75.3.4 ~었/았다가 “did and then”
		75.4 Expressing “as soon as”
			75.4.1 ~기가 무섭게 “just after”
			75.4.2 ~는/(으)ㄴ 대로 “as soon as”
			75.4.3 ~자마자 “as soon as”
		75.5 Expressing “about to”
			75.5.1 ~(으)려는 참이다 “is about to”
			75.5.2 ~(으)려던 참이었다 “was about to”
English Index
Korean Index