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دانلود کتاب Modern Dental Assisting
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مشخصات کتاب
Modern Dental Assisting
ویرایش: [13 ed.] نویسندگان: Doni L. Bird CDA RDA RDH MA, Debbie S. Robinson CDA MS سری: ISBN (شابک) : 0323624855, 9780323624855 ناشر: Saunders سال نشر: 2020 تعداد صفحات: 1104 [1109] زبان: English فرمت فایل : PDF (درصورت درخواست کاربر به PDF، EPUB یا AZW3 تبدیل می شود) حجم فایل: 96 Mb
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Easily master all aspects of dental assisting with the most up-to-date and most trusted text available. For more than 40 years, students and practitioners alike have relied on Modern Dental Assisting for its cutting-edge content, easy-to-grasp writing style, step-by-step procedures, and top-notch visuals. And the new 13th edition is no exception. With updated content ― including the latest technological advancements, clinical photographs, and new coverage on cultural diversity and how it relates to patient care ― this new edition will guide you from your first day of class all the way to your first job in dental assisting.
- UNIQUE! Trusted expert authors Doni Bird and Debbie Robinson present information and procedures in a way that makes it easy for students to understand and apply the material.
- Comprehensive, cutting-edge content is presented in approachable writing style.
- Step-by-step procedures for general and expanded functions use color coding and clinical photos to demonstrate key dental assisting competencies.
- 70 procedural videos include questions and answers correlated to the chapter procedures with closed-captioning in English and Spanish and audio narration in English.
- UNIQUE! Interactive Dental Office programprovides in-depth case studies integrated with periodontal charting, radiographic mounting, and more.
- Dentrix practice management software on Evolveenables students to work with patient data much like they will in the office environment.
- Recall and Critical Thinking questions in each chapter provide opportunities for practice and application.
- Feature boxes on infection control and CDC practice, patient education, and law and ethics summarize recommendations and key applications in practice.
- Key terminology list helps students better comprehend the chapter and how the information applies to dentistry practice.
- Learning and performance outcomes set goals for what students will accomplish and serve as checkpoints for comprehension and skills mastery.
- NEW! Information on cultural diversity grounds students in this important topic and how it relates to patient care and patient communication.
- UPDATED! art program provides vivid original renderings of dental anatomy tooth morphology and dental imaging, along with improved photos of the latest products, equipment, and instruments.
- NEW! Coverage of the latest advances in general and specialty dental care covers technological advancements, public health and access to care, teledentistry, infection control guidelines, the Zika virus, Ebola, the oral-systemic health connection, and more.
- NEW! Updated critical thinking and recall questions challenge students and provide recollection skills.
فهرست مطالب
Front Cover endsheet 2 Endsheet 3 Modern Dental Assisting Copyright Page Reviewers* Acknowledgments About the Authors Preface Who Will Benefit From This Book? Organization The Learning Package New to This Edition Textbook Evolve Resources Student Workbook Dental Assisting Online Support The Learning Package Textbook Evolve Resources Student Site Plus the Interactive Dental Office Online! Instructor Site TEACH Instructor Resources Student Workbook Dental Assisting Online for Modern Dental Assisting How to Use Modern Dental Assisting Dedication Table Of Contents Second half title page 1 The Dental Assisting Profession 1 History of Dentistry Learning Outcomes Key Terms Early Times The Egyptians The Greeks The Chinese The Romans The Renaissance Early America Educational and Professional Development in the United States Women in Dental History African Americans in Dental History American Indians in Dental History History of Dental Assisting History of Dental Hygiene Dental Accreditation National Museum of Dentistry Legal and Ethical Implications Eye to the Future Critical Thinking Electronic Resources 2 The Professional Dental Assistant Learning Outcomes Key Terms Characteristics of a Professional Dental Assistant Professional Appearance Knowledge and Skills Teamwork Attitude Dedication Responsibility and Initiative Confidentiality Personal Qualities Educational Requirements Types of Programs Career Opportunities Employment Settings Other Career Opportunities Salaries Professional Organizations American Dental Assistants Association Benefits of Membership Dental Assisting National Board Certified Dental Assistant Eye to the Future Critical Thinking Electronic Resources 3 The Dental Healthcare Team Learning Outcomes Key Terms Dentist Dental Specialist Registered Dental Hygienist Dental Assistant Clinical Dental Assistant Chairside Assistant Circulating Assistant Community Work Mobile Dental Facilities Sterilization Assistant Expanded-Functions Dental Assistant Business Assistant Dental Laboratory Technician Supporting Services Legal and Ethical Implications Eye to the Future Critical Thinking Electronic Resources 4 Dental Ethics Learning Outcomes Key Terms Sources for Ethics Basic Principles of Ethics Regard for Self-Determination (Autonomy) To “Do No Harm” (Nonmaleficence) Promotion of Well-Being (Beneficence) Regard for Justice Veracity Confidentiality Privacy Continuing Education Professional Code of Ethics Applying Ethical Principles Ethical Dilemmas Case Example Steps for Solving Ethical Dilemmas Legal and Ethical Implications Eye to the Future Critical Thinking Electronic Resources 5 Dentistry and the Law Learning Outcomes Key Terms Statutory Law Criminal Law Civil Law Contract Law Tort Law State Dental Practice Act Board of Dentistry Expanded Functions and Supervision Unlicensed Practice of Dentistry Dentist-Patient Relationship Duty of Care/Standard of Care Abandonment Patient Responsibilities Due Care Malpractice Acts of Omission and Commission Doctrine of Res Ipsa Loquitur Risk Management Avoiding Malpractice Lawsuits Silence Is Golden Guidelines for Informed Consent Informed Patient Consent Informed Refusal Exceptions to Disclosure Informed Consent for Minors Documenting Informed Consent Content of Informed Consent Forms Patient Referral Failure to Refer Guarantees Contributory Negligence Patients Records Ownership of Dental Records and Radiographs Reporting Abuse and Neglect Child Abuse Domestic Violence Elder Abuse Dental Neglect Immunity HIPAA Legal and Ethical Implications Eye to the Future Critical Thinking Electronic Resources 2 Sciences in Dentistry 6 General Anatomy Learning Outcomes Key Terms Planes and Body Directions Structural Units Cells Stem Cells Cell Membrane Cytoplasm Nucleus Tissues Organs Body Systems Body Cavities Body Regions Legal and Ethical Implications Eye to the Future Critical Thinking Electronic Resources 7 General Physiology Learning Outcomes Key Terms Physiology and Dental Assisting Body Systems Skeletal System Bone Cartilage Joints Muscular System Striated Muscle Smooth Muscle Cardiac Muscle Muscle Function Cardiovascular System Circulatory System Heart Heart Chambers Heart Valves Blood Flow Through the Heart Blood Vessels Blood and Blood Cells Blood Typing and Rh Factor Lymphatic System Lymph Vessels Lymph Nodes Lymph Fluid Lymphoid Organs Tonsils Spleen Nervous System Neurons Central Nervous System Brain Spinal Cord Peripheral Nervous System Respiratory System Structures Nose Pharynx Epiglottis Larynx Trachea Lungs Digestive System Digestive Process Structures Mouth Pharynx Esophagus Stomach Small Intestine Large Intestine Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas Endocrine System Urinary System Integumentary System Skin Structures Epidermis Dermis Subcutaneous Fat Skin Appendages Hair Nails Glands Reproductive System Female Male Interaction Among the Ten Body Systems Legal and Ethical Implications Eye to the Future Critical Thinking Electronic Resources 8 Oral Embryology and Histology Learning Outcomes Key Terms Oral Embryology Prenatal Development Embryonic Development of the Face and Oral Cavity Primary Embryonic Layers Early Development of the Mouth Branchial Arches Hard and Soft Palates Facial Development Tooth Development Developmental Disturbances Genetic Factors Environmental Factors Facial Development After Birth Tooth Movement Life Cycle of a Tooth Growth Periods Bud Stage Cap Stage Bell Stage Calcification Pits and Fissures Eruption of Primary Teeth Shedding of Primary Teeth Eruption of Permanent Teeth Oral Histology Crown Root Enamel Dentin Cementum Pulp Periodontium Attachment Apparatus Alveolar Process Periodontal Ligament Supportive and Protective Functions Sensory Function Nutritive Function Formative and Resorptive Functions Periodontal Ligament Fiber Groups Periodontal Fiber Groups Transseptal Fiber Groups Gingival Fiber Groups Gingival Unit Lining Mucosa Masticatory Mucosa Specialized Mucosa Legal and Ethical Implications Eye to the Future Critical Thinking Electronic Resources 9 Head and Neck Anatomy Learning Outcomes Key Terms Regions of the Head Bones of the Skull Bones of the Cranium Parietal Bones Frontal Bone Occipital Bone Temporal Bones Sphenoid Bone Ethmoid Bone Auditory Ossicles Bones of the Face Zygomatic Bones Maxillary Bones Palatine Bones Nasal Bones Lacrimal Bones Vomer Nasal Conchae Mandible Hyoid Bone Postnatal Development Fusion of Bones Development of the Facial Bones Mandible Maxilla Differences Between Male and Female Skulls Temporomandibular Joints Capsular Ligament Articular Space Jaw Movement Hinge Action Gliding Movement Temporomandibular Disorders Symptoms Pain Joint Sounds Limitations in Movement Causes Muscles of the Head and Neck Major Muscles of the Neck Major Muscles of Facial Expression Major Muscles of Mastication Muscles of the Floor of the Mouth Muscles of the Tongue Muscles of the Soft Palate Salivary Glands Minor Salivary Glands Major Salivary Glands Blood Supply to the Head and Neck Major Arteries of the Face and Oral Cavity External Carotid Artery Facial Artery Lingual Artery Maxillary Artery Major Veins of the Face and Oral Cavity Nerves of the Head and Neck Cranial Nerves Innervation of the Oral Cavity Maxillary Division of Trigeminal Nerve Mandibular Division of the Trigeminal Nerve Lymph Nodes of the Head and Neck Structure and Function Superficial Lymph Nodes of the Head Deep Cervical Lymph Nodes Lymphadenopathy Paranasal Sinuses Eye to the Future Critical Thinking Electronic Resources 10 Landmarks of the Face and Oral Cavity Learning Outcomes Key Terms Landmarks of the Face Regions of the Face Features of the Face Skin Lips The Oral Cavity The Vestibule Labial and Other Frenula Gingiva Unattached Gingiva Interdental Gingiva Gingival Groove Attached Gingiva The Oral Cavity Proper Hard Palate Soft Palate Tongue Taste Buds Teeth Eye to the Future Critical Thinking Electronic Resources 11 Overview of the Dentitions Learning Outcomes Key Terms Dentition Periods Primary Dentition Mixed Dentition Permanent Dentition Dental Arches Quadrants Sextants Anterior and Posterior Teeth Types and Functions of Teeth Incisors Canines Premolars Molars Tooth Surfaces Anatomic Features of Teeth Contours Facial and Lingual Contours Mesial and Distal Contours Contacts Height of Contour Embrasures Angles and Divisions of Teeth Line and Point Angles Divisions Into Thirds Occlusion and Malocclusion Angle’s Classification Class I Class II Division 1 Division 2 Class III Stabilization of the Arches Closure Curve of Spee Curve of Wilson Tooth-Numbering Systems Universal/National System International Standards Organization System Palmer Notation System Legal and Ethical Implications Eye to the Future Critical Thinking Electronic Resources 12 Tooth Morphology Learning Outcomes Key Terms Anterior Permanent Dentition Permanent Incisors Maxillary Central Incisors Maxillary Lateral Incisors Mandibular Incisors Mandibular Central Incisors Mandibular Lateral Incisors Permanent Canines Maxillary Canines Mandibular Canines Posterior Permanent Dentition Permanent Premolars Maxillary First Premolars Maxillary Second Premolars Mandibular First Premolars Mandibular Second Premolars Permanent Molars Maxillary Molars Maxillary First Molars Maxillary Second Molars Maxillary Third Molars Mandibular Molars Mandibular First Molars Mandibular Second Molars Mandibular Third Molars Primary Dentition Primary Incisors Maxillary Central Incisors Maxillary Lateral Incisors Mandibular Central Incisors Mandibular Lateral Incisors Primary Canines Maxillary Canines Mandibular Canines Primary Molars Maxillary First Molars Maxillary Second Molars Mandibular First Molars Mandibular Second Molars Eye to the Future Critical Thinking Electronic Resources 3 Oral Health and Prevention of Dental Disease 13 Dental Caries Learning and Performance Outcomes Key Terms Bacterial Infection Oral Biofilm Enamel Structure The Caries Process Stages of Caries Development Secondary (Recurrent) Caries Root Caries Early Childhood Caries Risk Factors How Children Get Early Childhood Caries The Importance of Saliva Caries Diagnosis Dental Explorer Radiographs Visual Appearance Indicator Dyes Caries Detection Devices Laser Caries Detector Caries Management by Risk Assessment Methods of Caries Intervention Caries Risk Assessment Tests Legal and Ethical Implications Eye to the Future Critical Thinking Electronic Resources 14 Periodontal Diseases Learning Outcomes Key Terms Definition and Prevalence of Periodontal Disease The Systemic Connection Cardiovascular Disease Preterm/Low Birth Weight Respiratory Disease Causes of Periodontal Disease Biofilm Calculus Supragingival Calculus Subgingival Calculus Other Risk Factors Types of Periodontal Disease Signs and Symptoms Gingivitis Periodontitis Description of Periodontal Disease Dental Perioscopy Legal and Ethical Implications Critical Thinking Electronic Resources 15 Preventive Dentistry Performance and Learning Outcomes Key Terms Partners in Prevention Early Dental Care Pregnancy and Dental Care Dental Care for 0 to 5 Years Dental Sealants Oral Health and Aging Age-Related Dental Changes Age-Related Pathology-Related Conditions Fluoride How Fluoride Works Preeruptive Development Posteruptive Development Safe and Toxic Levels Precautions Fluoride Needs Assessment Sources of Fluoride Fluoridated Water Bottled Water Sources of Systemic Fluoride Foods and Beverages Prescribed Dietary Supplements Sources of Topical Fluoride Toothpastes Mouth Rinses Gels Varnish Professional Applications Nutrition and Dental Caries Sugar Substitutes Xylitol Dietary Analysis Steps for Analyzing a Food Diary Plaque Control Program Toothbrushes and Toothbrushing Baby Toothbrushes Manual Toothbrushes Automatic Toothbrushes Toothbrushing Toothbrushing Precautions Toothbrushing for Unusual Conditions Dental Floss or Tape When to Floss Interdental Aids End-Tuft Brushes Bridge Threaders Automatic Flossers Perio-Aid Dentures Toothpaste Mouth Rinses Oral Irrigation Devices General Guidelines for Home Care Products Patient Education Legal and Ethical Implications Critical Thinking Electronic Resources 16 Nutrition Learning Outcomes Key Terms Healthy People 2020 Report Nutrient Recommendations Dietary Reference Intakes Recommended Dietary Allowances Dietary Guidelines for Americans MyPlate Canada’s Food Guide Carbohydrates Foods That Cause Tooth Decay Proteins Fats (Lipids) Cholesterol Antioxidants Vitamins Minerals Water Diet Modification Dietary Analysis Reading Food Labels Product Label Information Labeling Ingredients Label Claims Organic Foods Eating Disorders Bulimia Anorexia Nervosa Female Athlete Triad Management of Eating Disorders Healthy Habits Patient Education Legal and Ethical Implications Eye to the Future Critical Thinking Electronic Resources 17 Oral Pathology Learning Outcomes Key Terms Making a Diagnosis Historical Diagnosis Clinical Diagnosis Radiographic Diagnosis Microscopic Diagnosis Laboratory Diagnosis Therapeutic Diagnosis Surgical Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Acute and Chronic Inflammation Oral Lesions Lesions Extending Below Mucosal Surface Lesions Extending Above the Mucosal Surface Lesions Even With the Mucosal Surface Raised or Flat Lesions Diseases of the Oral Soft Tissues Leukoplakia Lichen Planus Candidiasis Pseudomembranous Candidiasis Hyperplastic Candidiasis Atrophic Candidiasis Aphthous Ulcers Cellulitis Conditions of the Tongue Oral Cancer Leukemia Smokeless Tobacco Therapy for Oral Cancer Dental Implications of Radiation Therapy Xerostomia Radiation Caries Osteoradionecrosis Dental Implications of Chemotherapy Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Oral Manifestations HIV Gingivitis HIV Periodontitis Cervical Lymphadenopathy Candidiasis Lymphoma Hairy Leukoplakia Kaposi’s Sarcoma Herpes Simplex Herpes Zoster Human Papillomavirus Developmental Disorders Genetic Factors Environmental Factors Disturbances in Jaw Development Disturbances in Lip, Palate, and Tongue Development Disturbances in Tooth Development and Eruption Disturbances in Enamel Formation Disturbances in Dentin Formation Abnormal Eruption of the Teeth Premature Eruption Ankylosis Impaction Miscellaneous Disorders Abrasion Attrition Bruxism Bulimia Orofacial Piercings Meth Mouth Patient Education Legal and Ethical Implications Eye to the Future Critical Thinking Electronic Resources 4 Infection Prevention in Dentistry 18 Microbiology Learning Outcomes Key Terms Pioneers in Microbiology Koch’s Postulates Major Groups of Microorganisms Bacteria Shape Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Bacteria Need for Oxygen Capsules Spores Rickettsiae Algae Protozoa Fungi Prions Prion Diseases Future Research Viruses Specificity Latency Treatment of Viral Diseases Transmission of Viral Diseases Viruses in the Environment Viral Diseases Viral Hepatitis Hepatitis A Hepatitis B Hepatitis B Virus Immunization Hepatitis C Hepatitis D Hepatitis E Human Immunodeficiency Virus Herpesviruses Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Primary Herpes Recurrent Herpes Labialis Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 Herpes Zoster Virus Cytomegalovirus Epstein-Barr Virus Herpes Transmission West Nile Virus H1N1 Flu Virus (Swine Flu) Ebola Virus Guideline for Dental Professionals on the Ebola Virus Zika Virus Bacterial Diseases Tuberculosis Legionnaires’ Disease Tetanus Syphilis Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Pandemic Diseases Legal and Ethical Implications Eye to the Future Critical Thinking Electronic Resources 19 Disease Transmission and Infection Prevention Learning and Performance Outcomes Key Terms The Chain of Infection Infectious Agent Reservoir Portal of Entry Susceptible Host Types of Infections Acute Infection Chronic Infection Latent Infection Opportunistic Infection Modes of Disease Transmission Direct Transmission Indirect Transmission Airborne Transmission Aerosol, Spray, or Spatter Parenteral Transmission Blood-Borne Transmission Food and Water Transmission Fecal-Oral Transmission The Immune System Naturally Acquired Immunity Artificially Acquired Immunity Disease Transmission in the Dental Office Patient to Dental Team Dental Team to Patient Patient to Patient Dental Office to Community Community to Dental Office to Patient Roles and Responsibilities of the CDC and OSHA in Infection Control CDC Guidelines for Infection Control in Dental Health-Care Settings 2016 CDC Dental Infection Prevention Summary CDC Rankings of Evidence OSHA Blood-Borne Pathogens Standard Exposure Control Plan Standard and Universal Precautions Categories of Employees Postexposure Management Employee Training Hepatitis B Immunization Employee Medical Records Managing Contaminated Sharps Preventing Needle Sticks Infection Control Practices Hand Hygiene Handwashing Guidelines Alcohol-Based Hand Rubs Hand Care Recommendations Personal Protective Equipment Protective Clothing Protective Clothing Requirements Handling Contaminated Laundry Protective Masks Protective Eyewear Face Shields Patient Eyewear Gloves Gloves Damaged During Treatment Gloves Damaged by Dental Materials Examination Gloves Overgloves Sterile Surgical Gloves Utility Gloves Non–Latex-Containing Gloves Maintaining Infection Control While Gloved Opening Drawers and Cabinets Opening Containers High-Tech Equipment Latex Allergies Irritant Dermatitis Type IV Allergic Reaction Type I Allergic Reaction Treatment Latex-Sensitive Patients Waste Management in the Dental Office Classification of Waste General Waste Contaminated Waste Hazardous Waste Infectious or Regulated Waste (Biohazard) Handling Extracted Teeth Handling Contaminated Waste Handling Medical Waste Infectious Waste Disposal of Medical Waste Additional Infection Control Practices OSHA Blood-Borne Pathogens Standard CDC Guidelines: Special Considerations Saliva Ejectors Dental Laboratory Preprocedural Mouth Rinses Mycobacterium tuberculosis Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease and Other Prion Diseases Laser and Electrosurgery Plumes or Surgical Smoke Legal and Ethical Implications Eye to the Future Critical Thinking Electronic Resources 20 Principles and Techniques of Disinfection Learning and Performance Outcomes Key Terms Environmental Infection Control Clinical Contact Surfaces Surface Contamination Surface Barriers Single-Use (Disposable) Items Precleaning and Disinfection Precleaning Disinfection Disinfectants Ideal Surface Disinfectant Disinfectant Precautions Iodophors Synthetic Phenol Compounds Sodium Hypochlorite Alcohol Immersion Disinfectants Glutaraldehyde Chlorine Dioxide Ortho-Phthalaldehyde Evacuator System Traps Housekeeping Surfaces Carpeting and Cloth Furnishings Spills of Blood and Body Substances Greener Infection Control Paper Radiology Personal Protective Attire Surface Barriers and Precleaning and Disinfection Legal and Ethical Implications Eye to the Future Critical Thinking Electronic Resources 21 Principles and Techniques of Instrument Processing and Sterilization Learning and Performance Outcomes Key Terms Classification of Patient Care Items Critical Instruments Semicritical Instruments Noncritical Instruments Personal Protective Equipment Transporting and Processing Contaminated Patient Care Items Instrument-Processing Area Workflow Pattern Contaminated Area Preparation and Packaging Area Precleaning and Packaging Instruments Holding Solution Hand Scrubbing Ultrasonic Cleaning Ultrasonic Cleaning Solutions Care of the Ultrasonic Cleaner Testing the Ultrasonic Cleaner Automated Washers/Disinfectors Drying, Lubrication, and Corrosion Control Packaging Instruments Packaging Materials Sterilization of Unwrapped Instruments Methods of Sterilization Steam Autoclave Drying and Unloading Instruments Flash Sterilization Unsaturated Chemical Vapor Sterilization Advantages Disadvantages Filtration and Monitoring of Chemical Vapors Packaging Pressure, Temperature, and Time Dry Heat Sterilization Static Air Sterilizers Forced Air Sterilizers Ethylene Oxide Sterilization Liquid Chemical Sterilants Sterilization Failures Sterilization Monitoring Physical Monitoring Chemical Monitoring Process Indicators Process Integrators Limitations Biologic Monitoring Handpiece Sterilization Flushing Techniques Sterilizing Techniques Legal and Ethical Implications Eye to the Future Critical Thinking Electronic Resources 5 Occupational Health and Safety 22 Regulatory and Advisory Agencies Learning Outcomes Key Terms Associations and Organizations American Dental Association American Dental Assistants Association American Dental Hygienists’ Association Organization for Safety, Asepsis and Prevention State and Local Dental Societies Government Agencies Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Food and Drug Administration Environmental Protection Agency Occupational Safety and Health Administration National Institutes of Health National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Public Health Agency of Canada Legal and Ethical Implications Eye to the Future Critical Thinking Electronic Resources 23 Chemical and Waste Management Learning and Performance Outcomes Key Terms Hazardous Chemicals Exposure to Chemicals Acute and Chronic Chemical Toxicity Hand Protection Eye Protection Protective Clothing Inhalation Protection Control of Chemical Spills Eyewash Units Ventilation General Precautions for Storing Chemicals Follow Instructions Avoid Exposure to Light Check Expiration Date Rotate Inventory Disposal of Empty Containers Hazardous Waste Disposal Hazard Communication Program Revision of the HCS Standard Major Changes to the Hazard Communication Standard Hazard Classification Labels Safety Data Sheets Information and Training Phase-in Period Written Program Chemical Inventory Safety Data Sheets Employee Training Labeling of Chemical Containers National Fire Protection Association Labels Exemptions to Labeling Requirements Dental Office Waste Management Classification of Medical Waste Extracted Teeth Sharps Scrap Amalgam Photochemical Waste Radiographic Fixer Radiographic Developer Lead Contamination Lead Foil Disinfectants Nonhazardous Waste Management Waste Disposal Legal and Ethical Implications Eye to the Future Critical Thinking Electronic Resources 24 Dental Unit Waterlines Learning and Performance Outcomes Key Terms Microorganisms in Dental Unit Waterlines Background Sources of Microorganisms Biofilm Biofilm in Dental Waterlines Growth-Promoting Factors Bacterial Characteristics Methods for Reducing Bacterial Contamination Self-Contained Water Reservoirs Microfiltration Cartridges Chemical Agents Infection Control and Dental Unit Water Using the Proper Water Flushing Waterlines Minimizing Aerosol Using Protective Barriers Monitoring Water Quality Use of Saliva Ejectors Legal and Ethical Implications Eye to the Future Critical Thinking Electronic Resources 25 Ergonomics Learning Outcomes Key Terms Ergonomics in the Dental Office Posture Neutral Position Deviations and Problems Reaching Movements Repetition and Force Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Gloves Properly Fitting Gloves Muscle-Strengthening Exercises Legal and Ethical Implications Eye to the Future Critical Thinking Electronic Resources 6 Patient Information and Assessment 26 The Patient’s Dental Record Learning and Performance Outcomes Key Terms Permanent Record Privacy Quality Assurance Risk Management Research Electronic Dental Record Patient Record Forms Patient Registration Medical-Dental Health History Medical History Dental History Medical Alert Medical-Dental Health History Update Diagnostic Information–Gathering Forms Clinical Examination Treatment Plan Informed Consent Progress Notes Entering Data in a Patient’s Dental Record Legal and Ethical Implications Eye to the Future Critical Thinking Electronic Resources 27 Vital Signs Learning and Performance Outcomes Key Terms Factors That Can Affect Vital Sign Readings Temperature Temperature Readings Types of Thermometers Digital Tympanic Temporal Scanner Glass Pulse Pulse Characteristics Pulse Readings Respiration Respiration Characteristics Respiration Readings Blood Pressure Blood Pressure Equipment Blood Pressure Readings Medical Considerations Advanced Monitoring Procedures Pulse Oximetry Electrocardiogram Patient Education Legal and Ethical Implications Eye to the Future Critical Thinking Electronic Resources 28 Oral Diagnosis and Treatment Planning Performance and Learning Outcomes Key Terms Examination and Diagnostic Techniques Visual Evaluation Palpation Instrumentation Digital Imaging Digital Photography Recording the Dental Examination Tooth Diagrams Tooth-Numbering Systems Universal Numbering System International Standards Organization System/Fédération Dentaire Internationale System Palmer Notation System Color Coding Black’s Classification of Cavities Abbreviations Charting Symbols Clinical Examination of the Patient Soft Tissue Examination Examination and Charting of the Teeth Examination and Charting of the Periodontium The Treatment Plan Types of Treatment Plans Level I: Emergency Care Level II: Standard Care Level III: Optimum Care Treatment Plan Presentation Patient Education Legal and Ethical Implications Eye to the Future Critical Thinking Electronic Resources 29 The Special Needs and Medically Compromised Patient Learning and Performance Outcomes Key Terms Role of the Dental Assistant The Aging Population Stages of Aging Oral Health of the Aging Oral Health Conditions Xerostomia Periodontal Disease Tooth Decay Dark and Brittle Teeth Bone Resorption The Special Needs Patient Assistance From Organizations Specific Disorders of the Medically Compromised Patient Developmental Disorders Intellectual Disability Down Syndrome Autism Physical Disorders The Patient in a Wheelchair Vision Impairment Hearing Impairment Neurologic Disorders Alzheimer’s Disease Seizures Multiple Sclerosis Cerebrovascular Accident Neuromuscular Disorders Muscular Dystrophy Parkinson’s Disease Cerebral Palsy Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Arthritis Rheumatoid Arthritis Osteoarthritis Cardiovascular Disorders Congestive Heart Failure Hypertension Angina Endocarditis Pulmonary Disorders Allergies Bronchial Asthma Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Blood Disorders Endocrine Disorders Hyperthyroidism Hypothyroidism Diabetes Mellitus Behavioral and Psychiatric Disorders Legal and Ethical Implications Eye to the Future Critical Thinking Electronic Resources 30 Principles of Pharmacology Learning Outcomes Key Terms Overview of Drugs Dispensing of Drugs Controlled Substances Act Schedule I Drugs Schedule II Drugs Schedule III Drugs Schedule IV Drugs Schedule V Drugs Schedule VI Drugs Prescriptions Prescription Terminology Recording Prescriptions Telephone Guidelines Drug Reference Materials Package Inserts Drug Dosage Administration of Medications Stages of Drug Action in the Body Drugs Commonly Prescribed in Dentistry Analgesics Antibiotics Antibiotic Prophylaxis Antifungal Agents Antiviral Agents Antianxiety Agents Drugs Commonly Prescribed in Medicine Cardiovascular Drugs Respiratory Drugs Gastrointestinal Drugs Neurologic Drugs Psychoactive Drugs Endocrine/Hormonal Drugs Adverse Drug Effects Common Adverse Effects of Medications Drug Complications Opioid Addiction Patient Education Legal and Ethical Implications Eye to the Future Critical Thinking Electronic Resources 31 Assisting in a Medical Emergency Learning and Performance Outcomes Key Terms Preventing a Medical Emergency Emergency Preparedness Assigned Roles Routine Drills Emergency Telephone Numbers Recognizing a Medical Emergency Signs and Symptoms Emergency Care Standards Basic Life Support Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Automated External Defibrillator Choking Emergency Equipment and Supplies Oxygen Emergency Responses Common Medical Emergencies Experienced in the Dental Office Syncope Postural Hypotension The Pregnant Patient Cardiac Emergencies Angina Acute Myocardial Infarction Cerebrovascular Accident Hyperventilation Asthma Attack Allergic Reaction Epileptic Seizure Diabetes Mellitus Hyperglycemia Hypoglycemia Documentation of an Emergency Patient Education Legal and Ethical Implications Eye to the Future Critical Thinking Electronic Resources 7 Foundation of Clinical Dentistry 32 The Dental Office Learning and Performance Outcomes Key Terms Design of the Dental Office Reception Area Administrative Area Treatment Area Central Sterilization Dental Laboratory Dentist’s Private Office Dental Staff Lounge Office Environment Temperature and Air Exchange Lighting Wall and Floor Coverings Traffic Control Sound Control Privacy Clinical Equipment Patient’s Dental Chair Operator’s Stool Dental Assistant’s Stool Dental Unit Delivery Systems Rheostat Waterlines Air-Water Syringe Operating Light Oral Evacuation System Curing Light Amalgamator Dental Radiography Unit Computer Monitor Care of Dental Equipment Central Vacuum Compressor Central Air Compressor Morning and Evening Routines for Dental Assistants Patient Education Eye to the Future Critical Thinking Electronic Resources 33 Delivering Dental Care Learning and Performance Objectives Key Terms Know Your Patients Reviewing the Patient Record Preparing the Treatment Area Greeting and Seating the Patient Team Dentistry Principles of Team Positioning Positioning the Patient Positioning the Operator Positioning the Dental Assistant Motion Economy Classification of Motions Operating Zones Operator’s Zone Transfer Zone Assistant’s Zone Static Zone Instrument Transfer Objectives of Efficient Instrument Transfer Grasping an Instrument Transfer Technique Variations in Instrument Exchange Mirror and Explorer Cotton Pliers Handpiece Instruments With Hinges Expanded Function Dental Auxiliary Dental Supervision Working as the Operator Operator Positioning Developing Mirror Skills Establish a Working Position Establish Preferred Mirror-to-Tooth Position Using a Fulcrum Understanding Dental Anatomy Understanding Cavity Preparations Adapting Instrumentation Application of Dental Materials Evaluation of Expanded Functions Patient Education Legal and Ethical Implications Eye to the Future Critical Thinking Electronic Resources 34 Dental Hand Instruments Performance and Learning Objectives Key Terms Identifying Hand Instruments Instrument Number Instrument Design Handle Shank Working End Black’s Instrument Formula Instrument Classification Instrument Sequence Examination Instruments Basic Setup Hand (Manual) Cutting Instruments Restorative Instruments Accessory Instruments and Items Preset Cassettes (Trays) Storage Tubs Color-Coding Systems Legal and Ethical Implications Eye to the Future Critical Thinking Electronic Resources 35 Dental Handpieces and Accessories Learning and Performance Outcomes Key Terms Evolution of Rotary Equipment Dental Handpieces Low-Speed Handpiece Motor Low-Speed Motor With Straight Attachment Low-Speed Motor With Contra-Angle Attachment Low-Speed Motor With Prophylaxis Angle High-Speed Handpiece Uses of the High-Speed Handpiece Water Coolant System Bur Adaptation Fiber-Optic Lighting Ultrasonic Handpiece Laser Handpiece Precautions in the Care and Handling of Laser Handpieces Air Abrasion Handpiece Laboratory Handpiece Handpiece Maintenance Handpiece Sterilization General Considerations for Handpiece Sterilization Sterilization Procedure Sheets Rotary Cutting Instruments Shank Types Neck Head Dental Burs Bur Shapes Diamond Rotary Instruments Finishing Rotary Instruments Abrasive Rotary Instruments Accessories Laboratory Rotary Instruments Legal and Ethical Implications Eye to the Future Critical Thinking Electronic Resources 36 Moisture Control Learning and Performance Outcomes Key Terms Oral Evacuation Systems Saliva Ejector High-Volume Evacuator (HVE) Suction Tips Grasping the Evacuator Positioning the Evacuator Daily Maintenance of the Evacuation System Rinsing the Oral Cavity Limited-Area Rinsing Full-Mouth Rinsing Air-Water Syringe Isolation of Teeth Cotton Roll Isolation Cotton Roll Holders Dry-Angle Isolation The Dental Dam Dental Dam Equipment Dental Dam Material Size Color Thickness Dental Dam Frame Dental Dam Napkin Lubricants Dental Dam Punch Size of Holes on the Punch Plate Dental Dam Stamp and Template Dental Dam Forceps Dental Dam Stabilizing Methods Dental Dam Clamp Parts of the Dental Dam Clamp Fitting the Dental Dam Clamp Ligatures on Clamps Dental Dam Stabilizing Cord Compound Wax Dental Dam Preparation Maxillary Arch Application Mandibular Arch Application Curve of the Arch Malaligned Teeth Teeth to Be Isolated Keypunch Hole Hole Sizing and Spacing Troubleshooting Hole Sizing and Spacing Dental Dam Placement and Removal Special Applications for the Dental Dam Anterior Teeth Fixed Bridge Patient Education Legal and Ethical Implications Eye to the Future Critical Thinking Electronic Resources 37 Anesthesia and Pain Control Learning and Performance Outcomes Key Terms Topical Anesthesia Local Anesthesia Characteristics of an Ideal Local Anesthetic Method of Action Chemical Composition of Anesthetics Time Span of Anesthetics Vasoconstrictors in Anesthetics Contraindications to Vasoconstrictors Injection Techniques Maxillary Anesthesia Palatal Anesthesia Mandibular Anesthesia Periodontal Ligament Injection Local Anesthesia Setup Anesthetic Syringe Anesthetic Cartridges Color-Coding of Local Anesthetic Cartridges Guidelines for Handling Anesthetic Cartridges Disposable Needle Complications and Precautions Injecting Into a Blood Vessel Infected Areas Toxic Reactions Localized Reactions Systemic Reactions Temporary Numbness Paresthesia Electronic Anesthesia Inhalation Sedation Advantages of N2O Use Disadvantages of N2O Use Medical Considerations to N2O Use Pregnancy Nasal Obstruction Emphysema and Multiple Sclerosis Emotional Instability Chemical Makeup Effects of Nitrous Oxide Equipment Patient Assessment and Monitoring Patient Education Administration Safety Work Practices for the Clinical Team Scavenger System Venting Exhaust Fumes Outside Testing Pressure Connections Inspection of the Equipment Properly Fitting Mask Limit Talking Exposure Assessment Antianxiety Agents Intravenous Sedation General Anesthesia Four Stages of Anesthesia Patient Preparation Patient Education Patient Recovery Mind-Body Medicine Documentation of Anesthesia and Pain Control Patient Education Legal and Ethical Implications Eye to the Future Critical Thinking Electronic Resources 8 Radiographic Imaging 38 Foundations of Radiography, Radiographic Equipment, and Radiation Safety Learning Outcomes Key Terms Discovery of X-Radiation Pioneers in Dental Radiography History of Dental X-Ray Equipment Radiation Physics Atomic Structure Nucleus Electrons Bremsstrahlung Radiation Ionization Properties of X-Rays The Dental X-Ray Machine Tubehead X-Ray Tube Cathode Anode Position Indicator Device Extension Arm Control Panel Master Switch and Indicator Lights Exposure Button Milliamperage Selector Kilovoltage Selector X-Ray Production Interactions of X-rays With Matter Types of Radiation Radiolucent and Radiopaque Characteristics Characteristics of X-Ray Beam Quality Quantity Intensity Contrast Density Geometric Characteristics Radiation Effects Tissue Damage Ionization Biologic Effects Cumulative Effects Acute and Chronic Radiation Exposure Genetic and Somatic Effects Critical Organs Radiation Measurement Maximum Permissible Dose Radiation Safety Protective Devices Aluminum Filtration Collimator Position Indicator Device Patient Protection Lead Apron and Thyroid Collar Fast-Speed Film Image Receptor–Holding Devices Exposure Factor Proper Technique Pregnancy Operator Protection and Monitoring Radiation Monitoring Equipment Monitoring Pediatric Patients ALARA Concept Patient Education Legal and Ethical Implications Eye to the Future Critical Thinking Electronic Resources 39 Digital Imaging, Dental Film, and Processing Radiographs Learning and Performance Outcomes Key Terms Digital Radiography Types of Digital Imaging Systems Direct Digital Imaging Indirect Digital Imaging Phosphor Storage Imaging Digitizing Images Digital Imaging Software Programs X-Ray Film and Film Processing Positioning Instruments Beam Alignment Devices Dental Film Film Composition Latent Image Film Speed Types of Film Intraoral Film Film Packet Packet Information Wrapper and Lead Sheet Package Positioning Package Disposal Outer Packet Tube Side Label Side Film Sizes Extraoral Film Film Packaging Film Cassette Intensifying Screen Film Types Duplicating Film Film Storage Film Processing Five Steps in Processing Processing Solutions The Darkroom Lighting Room Lighting Safelighting Processing Tanks Automatic Processor Components Processing Solutions Processing Errors Legal and Ethical Implications Eye to the Future Critical Thinking Electronic Resources 40 Legal Issues, Quality Assurance, and Infection Prevention Learning and Performance Outcomes Key Terms Legal Considerations Federal and State Regulations Licensure Requirements Risk Management Informed Consent Liability Patient Records Ownership of Dental Radiographs Digital Files Security Patient Refusal Patient Education Quality Assurance in the Dental Office Quality Control Tests Dental X-Ray Machines Dental X-Ray Film Phosphor Storage Plates Screens and Cassettes View Boxes Darkroom Lighting Safelight Test Film Processing Manual Processing Automatic Processing Processing Solutions Developer Strength Reference Radiograph Stepwedge Radiograph Fixer Strength Quality Administration Procedures Description Monitoring Maintenance Evaluation Training Infection Control Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Guidelines The Radiography Operatory X-Ray Machine Dental Chair Lead Apron Work Area Equipment and Supplies Film and Phosphor Storage Plates Film Digital Sensors Image Receptor Positioning Instruments Procedures During and After X-Ray Exposure Operator Preparation Drying of Exposed Film or PSP Collection of Contaminated Films and PSPs Positioning Instruments Disposal of Contaminated Items Handwashing Surface Disinfection Procedures During X-Ray Film Processing Transporting Film Legal and Ethical Implications Eye to the Future Critical Thinking Electronic Resources 41 Intraoral Imaging Learning and Performance Outcomes Key Terms Full-Mouth Survey Intraoral Imaging Techniques Paralleling Technique Five Basic Rules Patient Preparation Exposure Sequence for Image Receptor Placement Anterior Exposure Sequence Posterior Exposure Sequence Film Placement Bisecting Technique Image Receptor Holders Angulation of Position Indicator Device Horizontal Angulation Correct Horizontal Angulation Incorrect Horizontal Angulation Vertical Angulation Correct Vertical Angulation Incorrect Vertical Angulation Foreshortened Images Elongated Images Image Receptor Size and Placement Patient Positioning Beam Alignment Bitewing Technique Image Receptor Holder and Bitewing Tab Angulation of Position Indicator Device Exposure for Image Receptor Placement Occlusal Technique Patients With Special Medical Needs Vision Impairment Hearing Impairment Mobility Impairment Developmental Disabilities Patients With Special Dental Needs Edentulous Patient Pediatric Patient Endodontic Patient Gagging Patient Exposure Sequencing Image Receptor Placement Avoid the Palate Demonstrate Image Receptor Placement Extreme Cases Dental Imaging Technique Errors Mounting Dental Radiographs Recognizing Anatomic Landmarks Selecting the Mount Methods of Mounting Portable Imaging Legal and Ethical Implications Eye to the Future Critical Thinking Electronic Resources 42 Extraoral Imaging Learning and Performance Outcomes Key Terms Panoramic Imaging Types of Panoramic Units Basic Concepts Focal Trough Equipment Tubehead Head Positioner Exposure Controls Film and Intensifying Screens Common Errors Patient Preparation Errors Ghost Images Solution. Lead Apron Artifact Solution. Patient Positioning Errors Lips and Tongue Solution. Chin Too High (Positioning of Frankfort Plane) Solution. Chin Too Low Solution. Posterior to Focal Trough Solution. Anterior to Focal Trough Solution. Spine Not Straight Solution. Three-Dimensional Digital Imaging Cone Beam Computed Tomography How CBCT Works Advantages of Three-Dimensional Views Common Uses of Cone Beam Computed Tomography Specialized Extraoral Imaging Equipment Film and Intensifying Screens Grid Procedures Skull Radiography Lateral Cephalometric Projection Posteroanterior Projection Temporomandibular Joint Radiography Legal and Ethical Implications Eye to the Future Critical Thinking Electronic Resources 9 Dental Materials 43 Restorative and Esthetic Dental Materials Learning and Performance Outcomes Key Terms Standardization of Dental Materials Criteria for a New Dental Material Properties of Dental Materials Mechanical Properties Types of Stress and Strain Ductility and Malleability Thermal Change Contraction and Expansion Electrical Properties Corrosive Properties Hardness Solubility Application Properties Flow Adhesion Retention Curing Direct Restorative and Esthetic Materials Amalgam Indications for Using Dental Amalgam Contraindications to the Use of Dental Amalgam Composition of Dental Amalgam High-Copper Alloys Mercury-to-Alloy Ratios Nonmercury Alloys Controversial Issues in Mercury The Application of Dental Amalgam Preparation Trituration Condensation Carving and Finishing Composite Resins Indications for Using Composite Resins Contraindications for Using Composite Resins Composition of Composite Resins Resin Matrix Filler Coupling Agent Pigments Application of Composites Shade Selection Application Polymerization Finishing and Polishing Steps in Finishing a Composite Resin Glass Ionomers Resin Modified Metal Reinforcement Fabrication and Application Cautions for Placing Glass Ionomers Temporary Restorative Materials Intermediate Restorative Materials Provisional Restorative Materials Tooth-Whitening Materials Composition of Whitening Materials Methods of Tooth Whitening Indirect Restorative Materials Gold–Noble Metal Alloys Ceramic Castings Porcelain Patient Education Legal and Ethical Implications Eye to the Future Critical Thinking Electronic Resources 44 Dental Liners, Bases, and Bonding Systems Learning and Performance Outcomes Key Terms Prepared Tooth Structures Pulpal Responses Types of Pulpal Stimuli Cavity Liners Calcium Hydroxide Glass Ionomer Application of a Liner Cavity Sealers Varnish Fluoride Varnish Application Desensitizer Application Dental Bases Types of Materials Used Application Dental Etchant Application Dental Bonding Enamel Bonding Dentin Bonding Application Guidelines for Clinical Application of Bonding Products Patient Education Legal and Ethical Implications Eye to the Future Critical Thinking Electronic Resources 45 Dental Cements Learning and Performance Outcomes Key Terms Classification of Dental Cement Permanent Cements Temporary Cements Variables Affecting Final Cementation Mixing Time Guidelines for Mixing Dental Cements Automix System Humidity Powder-to-Liquid Ratio Temperature Types of Cement Glass Ionomer Cement Chemical Makeup of Glass Ionomer Cement Application Composite Resin Cement Chemical Makeup of Composite Resin Cement Application Zinc Oxide–Eugenol Cement Chemical Makeup of Zinc Oxide–Eugenol Cement Application Polycarboxylate Cement Chemical Makeup of Polycarboxylate Cement Application Zinc Phosphate Cement Chemical Makeup of Zinc Phosphate Cement Application Cement Removal Patient Education Legal and Ethical Implications Eye to the Future Critical Thinking Electronic Resources 46 Impression Materials and Techniques Learning and Performance Outcomes Key Terms Classification of Impressions Preliminary Impressions Final Impressions Bite Registrations Impression Trays Stock Trays Characteristics Sizing of Tray Adaptation Custom Trays Tray Adhesives Hydrocolloid Materials Irreversible Hydrocolloid: Alginate Composition and Chemistry Physical Phases Strength Dimensional Change Packaging and Storage Types of Setting Altering Setting Time Water-to-Powder Ratio Mixing Techniques Taking an Alginate Impression Explain Procedure to Patient Evaluating Alginate Impression Impressions of Edentulous Arches Reversible Hydrocolloid Tray Material Syringe Material Application of Reversible Hydrocolloid Impression Material Elastomeric Materials Characteristics Forms of Materials Light-Bodied Material Regular and Heavy-Bodied Materials Basic Impression Technique Curing Stages and Types Mixing of Materials Paste System Automix System Mixing Unit System Putty System Types of Elastomeric Materials Polysulfide Polyether Silicone Polysiloxane Occlusal (Bite) Registration Wax Bite Registration Polysiloxane Bite Registration Paste Zinc Oxide–Eugenol Bite Registration Paste Patient Education Legal and Ethical Implications Eye to the Future Critical Thinking Electronic Resources 47 Laboratory Materials and Procedures Learning and Performance Outcomes Key Terms Safety in the Dental Laboratory Laboratory Rules Physical Safety Chemical Safety Biohazards Dental Laboratory Equipment Heat Sources Model Trimmer Vacuum Former Vibrator Laboratory Handpiece Sandblaster Articulator Face Bow Dental Lathe Specialized Spatulas and Bowls Wax Spatulas Mixing Spatulas Rubber Bowls Dental Models Gypsum Products Chemical Properties Setting Reactions Forms Impression Plaster (Type I) and Model Plaster (Type II) Dental Stone (Type III) Die Stone (Type IV) High-Strength Stone (Type V) Powder-to-Water Ratio Pouring Dental Models Double-Pour Method Box-and-Pour Method Inverted-Pour Method Trimming and Finishing Dental Models Anatomic and Art Portions Polishing Plaster Models Custom Impression Trays Criteria for Creating Custom Impression Trays Guidelines and Terminology for Creating a Custom Impression Tray Acrylic Resin Tray Materials Light-Cured Resin Tray Materials Vacuum-Formed Thermoplastic Resin Dental Waxes Classification of Waxes Pattern Waxes Inlay Wax Casting Wax Baseplate Wax Processing Wax Boxing Wax Utility Wax Sticky Wax Impression Waxes Corrective Impression Wax Bite Registration Wax Patient Education Legal and Ethical Implications Eye to the Future Critical Thinking Electronic Resources 10 Assisting in Comprehensive Dental Care 48 General Dentistry Learning and Performance Outcomes Key Terms Restoration Process Initial Preparation Terminology Final Preparation Permanent Restorations Class I Restorations Tooth Preparation Special Considerations Class II Restorations Tooth Preparation Special Considerations Class III and IV Restorations Tooth Preparation Special Considerations Class V Restorations Tooth Preparation Special Considerations Complex Restorations Retention Pins Intermediate Restorations Veneers Tooth Whitening Treatment Options In-Office Treatment At-Home Treatment Over-the-Counter Options Brush-on Whitening Whitening Strips Trays With Bleaching Gels Dental Assistant’s Role in Tooth Whitening Patient Instructions for Tooth Whitening Abuse of Whitening Products Adverse Effects of Tooth Whitening Sensitivity Tissue Irritation Patient Education Legal and Ethical Implications Eye to the Future Critical Thinking Electronic Resources 49 Matrix Systems for Restorative Dentistry Learning and Performance Outcomes Key Terms Posterior Matrix Systems Universal Retainer Matrix Band Contouring Retainerless Matrix Systems Wedges Anterior Matrix Systems Alternative Matrix Systems AutoMatrix System Matrix Systems for Primary Teeth T-Band Spot-Welded Band Patient Education Legal and Ethical Implications Eye to the Future Critical Thinking Electronic Resources 50 Fixed Prosthodontics Learning and Performance Outcomes Key Terms Plan of Care Indirect Restorations Inlays and Onlays Veneers Porcelain Veneers Crowns Fixed Bridge Components of a Fixed Bridge Unit Pontic Abutment Resin-Bonded Bridge Role of the Dental Laboratory Technician Laboratory Prescription Laboratory Working Days Overview of a Crown Procedure Shade Selection Tooth Preparation Retention Aids for Crowns Core Buildup Retention Pins Post and Core Gingival Retraction and Tissue Management Gingival Retraction Cord Retraction Cord Packing Surgical Retraction Final Impression and Bite Registration Provisional Coverage Delivery Appointment Provisional Placement of a Permanent Casting Overview of a Bridge Procedure Preparation Appointment Try-in and Cementation Appointment Patient Instructions Computer-Assisted Restorations Patient Education Legal and Ethical Implications Eye to the Future Critical Thinking Electronic Resources 51 Provisional Coverage Learning and Performance Outcomes Key Terms Expanded Function Categories of Provisional Coverage Custom Provisional Prefabricated Crowns Criteria for Provisional Fabrication Custom Provisional Method Custom Provisional Materials Powder/Liquid Materials Paste and Paste Materials Light-Polymerized Materials Preformed Crown Method Criteria for Cementation of a Provisional Crown Troubleshooting When Fabricating a Provisional Home Care Instructions Removal of the Provisional Crown or Bridge Patient Education Legal and Ethical Implications Eye to the Future Critical Thinking Electronic Resources 52 Removable Prosthodontics Learning and Performance Outcomes Key Terms Factors Influencing the Choice of a Removable Prosthesis Extraoral Factors Physical Health Mental Health Patient Motivation Age Dietary Habits Social and Economic Factors Occupation Intraoral Factors Musculature Salivary Flow Residual Alveolar Ridge Oral Mucosa Oral Habits Tori Removable Partial Denture Components of a Partial Denture Framework Connectors Retainer Rest Artificial Teeth Appointment Sequencing for a Partial Denture Appointment One: Records Appointment Two: Preparation Appointment Three: Try-in Appointment Four: Delivery Appointment Five: Postdelivery Check Home Care Instructions Full (Complete) Denture Components of a Full Denture Base Flange Post Dam Artificial Teeth Appointment Sequencing for a Full Denture Appointment One: Records Appointment Two: Final Impression Appointment Three: Try-in of Baseplate and Occlusal Rim Artificial Teeth Occlusal Registration Functionally Generated Path Technique Appointment Four: Try-in Appointment Five: Delivery Appointment Six: Postdelivery Home Care Instructions What to Expect the First Month Immediate Dentures Construction Surgical Template Placement Overdentures Denture Adjustment and Relining Tissue Conditioners Impression Delivery Denture Repairs Denture Duplication Patient Education Legal and Ethical Implications Eye to the Future Critical Thinking Electronic Resources 53 Dental Implants Learning and Performance Outcomes Key Terms Indications for Implants Contraindications to Implants The Dental Implant Patient Psychologic Evaluation Dental Examination Medical History and Evaluation Specialized Radiographs and Imaging Diagnostic Casts and Surgical Stents Preparation for Implants Informed Consent Surgical Preparation Lack of Bone Density Types of Dental Implants Endosteal Implant Maxillary Implants Subperiosteal Implant Transosteal Implant Maintenance of Dental Implants Home Care Routine Office Visits Implant Treatment Failure Patient Education Legal and Ethical Implications Eye to the Future Critical Thinking Electronic Resources 54 Endodontics Learning and Performance Outcomes Key Terms Pulpal Damage Causes Symptoms Endodontic Diagnosis Percussion and Palpation Thermal Sensitivity Electric Pulp Testing Radiographic Imaging Diagnostic Conclusions Endodontic Procedures Pulp Capping Pulpotomy Pulpectomy Instruments and Accessories Hand Instruments Explorer Endodontic Spoon Excavator Spreaders and Pluggers Glick Number 1 Hand-Operated Files K-type File Hedstrom File Reamer File Broaches Rotary-Operated Files and Burs Ancillary Instruments Rubber Stops Paper Points Microscopic Endodontics Medicaments and Dental Materials in Endodontics Irrigation Solutions Intracanal Medicaments Root Canal Sealers Root Canal Filling Material Overview of Root Canal Therapy Anesthesia and Pain Control Isolation and Disinfection of the Operating Field Access Preparation Estimated Working Length Electronic Apex Locator Debridement and Shaping of the Canal Obturation Surgical Endodontics Apicoectomy and Apical Curettage Retrograde Restoration Root Amputation and Hemisection Patient Education Legal and Ethical Implications Eye to the Future Critical Thinking Electronic Resources 55 Periodontics Learning and Performance Outcomes Key Terms The Periodontal Examination Medical and Dental History Dental Examination Mobility Oral Tissues and Supporting Structures Periodontal Probing Bleeding Index Occlusal Adjustment Radiographic Analysis Periodontal Instruments Periodontal Probes Explorers Scalers and Files Curettes Surgical Knives Pocket Markers Hand Scaling and Ultrasonic Scaling Ultrasonic Scaler Indications Contraindications Precautions for Children Nonsurgical Periodontal Treatment Dental Prophylaxis Scaling and Root Planing Gingival Curettage Antimicrobial and Antibiotic Agents Locally Delivered Antibiotics Surgical Periodontal Treatment Advantages and Disadvantages Remaining Bone Excisional Surgery Gingivectomy Gingivoplasty Incisional Surgery Osseous Surgery Osteoplasty Ostectomy Crown Lengthening Soft Tissue Grafts Pedicle Graft Free Gingival Soft Tissue Graft Postsurgical Patient Instructions Periodontal Surgical Dressings Zinc Oxide–Eugenol Dressing Noneugenol Dressing Esthetic and Plastic Periodontal Surgery Lasers in Periodontics Advantages of Laser Surgery Laser Safety Patient Education Legal and Ethical Implications Eye to the Future Critical Thinking Electronic Resources 56 Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Learning and Performance Outcomes Key Terms Members of the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgical Team The Oral Surgeon The Surgical Assistant The Surgical Setting Surgical Preparation Private Practice Operating Room Specialized Instruments and Accessories Elevators Forceps Surgical Curette Rongeur Bone File Scalpel Hemostat Needle Holder Surgical and Suture Scissors Retractors Mouth Props Chisel and Mallet Rotary Instruments Surgical Asepsis Sterile Field Surgical Scrub Proper Gloving Surgical Procedures Forceps Extraction Multiple Extractions and Alveoplasty Removal of Impacted Teeth Biopsy Oral Brush Biopsy Incisional Biopsy Excisional Biopsy Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy Results Sutures Suture Placement Suture Removal Postoperative Care Control of Bleeding Control of Swelling Control of Pain Postoperative Diet Postsurgical Complications Alveolar Osteitis Patient Education Legal and Ethical Implications Eye to the Future Critical Thinking Electronic Resources 57 Pediatric Dentistry Learning and Performance Outcomes Key Terms The Pediatric Dental Team and Office The Pediatric Dentist The Pediatric Dental Assistant The Pediatric Dental Office The Pediatric Patient Erikson’s Stages of Development Learning Basic Trust Learning Autonomy Play Age School Age Adolescence Behavior Management Guidelines for Child Behavior The Challenging Patient Patients With Special Needs Intellectual Disability Down Syndrome Autism Cerebral Palsy Diagnosis and Treatment Planning Medical and Dental History Initial Clinical Examination Radiographic Imaging Extraoral Examination Intraoral Soft Tissue Examination Examination and Charting of Teeth Preventive Dentistry for Children Oral Hygiene Fluorides Fluoride Varnish Diet Sealants Orofacial Development Sports Safety Pediatric Procedures Restorative Procedures Anesthesia and Pain Control Use of the Dental Dam Instrument Size Matrix System Endodontic Procedures Pulp Therapy Pulpotomy Prosthodontic Procedures Stainless Steel Crown Types of Crowns Dental Trauma Fractured Anterior Teeth Traumatic Intrusion Extrusion and Lateral Luxation Injuries Avulsed Teeth Replanting an Avulsed Tooth Child Abuse and Neglect Patient Education Legal and Ethical Implications Eye to the Future Critical Thinking Electronic Resources 58 Coronal Polishing Learning and Performance Outcomes Key Terms Coronal Polishing Selective Polishing Dental Stains Types of Stains Methods of Removing Plaque and Stains Air Polishing Rubber Cup Polishing Handpieces and Attachments for Coronal Polishing Polishing Cups Bristle Brushes Bristle-Brush Polishing Stroke Prophylaxis Angle and Handpiece Grasping the Handpiece Handpiece Operation The Fulcrum and Finger Rest Polishing Agents Polishing Esthetic Restorations Coronal Polishing Steps Polishing Stroke Positioning the Patient and Operator Positioning the Patient Positioning the Operator Sequence of Polishing Flossing After Polishing Evaluation of Polishing Patient Education Legal and Ethical Implications Eye to the Future Critical Thinking Electronic Resources 59 Dental Sealants Learning and Performance Outcomes Key Terms How Sealants Work Dental Caries and Sealants Indications for Sealants Contraindications to Sealants Types of Sealant Materials Method of Polymerization Color Fillers Working Time Placement Technique Preventing Problems With Sealants Etching Bite Interference by Sealant Failures Blocked Contacts Fluoride Release Microabrasion Precautions for Dental Personnel and Patients Etchant Precautions Sealant Precautions Storage and Use Factors in Sealant Retention Legal and Ethical Implications Eye to the Future Critical Thinking Electronic Resources 60 Orthodontics Learning and Performance Outcomes Key Terms Benefits of Orthodontic Treatment Psychosocial Problems Oral Malfunction Dental Disease The Orthodontic Team and Office The Orthodontist The Orthodontic Assistant The Orthodontic Office Understanding Malocclusion Developmental Causes Genetic Causes Environmental Causes Birth Injuries Injury Throughout Life Habits Malocclusion Class I Malocclusion Class II Malocclusion Class III Malocclusion Malaligned Teeth Management of Orthodontic Problems Corrective Orthodontics Orthodontic Records and Treatment Planning Medical and Dental History Physical Growth Evaluation Social and Behavioral Evaluation Clinical Examination Evaluation of Oral Health Evaluation of Jaw and Occlusal Function Diagnostic Records Photographs Analysis of Facial Proportions Craniofacial Images Cephalometric Analysis Computed Tomography Diagnostic Casts Case Presentation Financial Arrangements Specialized Instruments and Accessories Orthodontic Treatment Fixed Appliances Separators Orthodontic Bands Fitting Molar Bands Cementation of Orthodontic Bands Bonded Brackets Auxiliary Attachments Arch Wire Types of Arch Wires Shapes of Arch Wires Ligating the Arch Wire Power Products Clear Aligner Treatment Adjustment Visits Checking the Appliance Oral Hygiene and Dietary Instructions Headgear Face Bow Traction Devices Completed Treatment Retention Orthodontic Positioner Hawley Retainer Lingual Retainer Patient Education Legal and Ethical Implications Eye to the Future Critical Thinking Electronic Resources 11 Dental Administration and Communication Skills 61 Communication in the Dental Office Learning and Performance Outcomes Key Terms Cultural Diversity Understanding Human Behavior Significant People in Psychology Social Attitudes Peer Pressure Communication Pathways Verbal Communication Words Are Important Voice Quality Asking Questions Nonverbal Communication Listening Skills Communicating With Colleagues Being a Team Member Stress in the Dental Office Causes Methods of Stress Reduction Conflict Among Coworkers Communicating With Patients Patient Needs Psychological Needs Anxiety and Fear of Pain Dental-Phobic Patients Patient’s Responses Physical and Mental Needs Financial Needs Meeting Patient Needs Positive Atmosphere Sincerity Showing Respect Respecting the Patient’s Time Resolving Complaints and Misunderstandings Remaining Approachable Respecting Patient Confidentiality Phone Skills Etiquette Incoming Calls Working With Difficult Callers Placing a Caller on Hold On-Hold Message Systems Callers Wanting to Speak to the Dentist Taking Messages Phone Message Systems Answering Service Answering Machine Voice Mail Patients’ Preferred Method of Communication Emailing Email Etiquette Automatic Dialing Services Text Messaging Phone Equipment Headsets Pager Facsimile (“Fax”) Machine Written Communications Equipment Business Letters Types of Business Letters Letters to Colleagues Letters to Insurance Carriers Format of a Business Letter Anatomy of a Business Letter Preparing Envelopes for Mailing Marketing Your Dental Practice Goals of Practice Marketing Logistics of Marketing The Plan Marketing Budget Tracking Responses Types of Practice Marketing Dental Office Newsletter Patient Education Materials Patient Education Legal and Ethical Implications Eye to the Future Critical Thinking Electronic Resources 62 Business Operating Systems Learning Outcomes Key Terms Operating Procedure Manual HIPAA Compliance HIPAA Privacy Compliance List Personnel Manual Computer Applications in the Dental Office Characteristics of the Computer Cyber Security Record Keeping Types of Records and Files Patient Dental Records Patient Financial Records Practice Business Records Filing Systems Basic Filing Methods Alphabetical Color Coding Numerical Chronologic Electronic Guidelines for Efficient Filing Active and Inactive Files Purge Tabs Record Protection and Confidentiality HIPAA Electronic Safeguards Protecting Electronic Files Protecting Paper Files Appointment Scheduling Goals of Efficient Appointment Scheduling Computerized or Manual Scheduling The Appointment Book Guidelines for Scheduling Units of Time Columns Per Day Outlining the Appointment Schedule Office Hours Buffer Time Meetings Holidays Making Appointment Book and Appointment Card Entries Special Considerations for Scheduling Daily Scheduling Rules New Patients Scheduling for the Dental Hygienist Recall Patients Children Emergency Patients Scheduling an Appointment Series Scheduling for the Expanded-Functions Dental Assistant Confirmation of Appointments Patient Circumstances Late Patients Canceled Appointments Short-Notice Appointments Daily Treatment Area Schedule Appointment Preparations Daily Meeting Preventive Recall Programs Types of Recall Systems Continuing Appointment System Written Recall Notification Recall by Telephone Inventory Management Computerized Inventory System Guidelines for Ordering Dental Supplies When Ordering Supplies Reorder Point Marking the Reorder Point Automatic Shipments Quantity Purchase Discount Reorder Quantity Backorders Order Exchange, Return, or Replacement Requisitions and Purchase Orders Dental Supply Budget Consumables and Disposables Expendables Nonexpendables Major Equipment Equipment Repairs Equipment Records Service Contracts Service Call Legal and Ethical Implications Eye to the Future Critical Thinking Electronic Resources 63 Financial Management in the Dental Office Key Terms Account Management Gathering Financial Information Fee Presentation Credit Report Making Financial Arrangements Accounting Accounts Receivable Types of Accounts Receivable Systems Computerized Accounts Receivable Management Pegboard Accounts Receivable Management Accounts Receivable Management Basics Charge Slips Walkout Statements Daily Journal of Business Transactions Recording Payments Patient Account Records Payment Payment at the Time of Treatment Cash Check Credit Cards Digital Wallet Professional Courtesy and Discounts Daily Proof of Posting Bank Deposits Monthly Statement Divided Payment Plans Collections Accounts Receivable Report Management of Collection Efforts Collection Telephone Calls Collection Letters Final Collection Options Collection Agency Small Claims Court Collection Follow-Through Accounts Payable Management Dental Office Overhead Fixed Overhead Variable Overhead Gross Versus Net Income Disbursements Packing Slips, Invoices, and Statements Organizing Expenditure Records Payment of Accounts Cash on Delivery Petty Cash Replenishing Petty Cash Funds Writing Checks Check Terminology Check Endorsement Stop Payment Order Nonsufficient Funds Business Summaries Payroll Payroll Deductions Income Tax Withholding Federal Insurance Contributions Act Other Deductions Government Remittance Dental Insurance Traditional Insurance Plan Managed Care Dental Insurance Plan Capitation Plans (Dental HMOs) Preferred Provider Organizations (Dental PPOs) Exclusive Provider Organizations (EPOs) Direct Reimbursement Plan Individual Practice Associations Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act Parties Involved in Dental Insurance How Benefits Are Calculated Usual, Customary, and Reasonable Fees Schedule of Benefits Fixed Fee Schedule Determining Eligibility Determining Benefits Limitations Least Expensive Alternative Treatment Dual Coverage Determining Primary and Secondary Carriers. Birthday Rule. Coordination of Benefits. Nonduplication of Benefits Dental Procedure Codes Claim Forms Claim Form Preparation Paper Claim Signature on File Electronic Claim HIPAA and Electronic Transactions Claim Form Processing Tracking Claims in Process Payments From Insurance Carriers Handling Overpayments Insurance Fraud Patient Education Legal and Ethical Implications Eye to the Future Critical Thinking Electronic Resources 64 Marketing Your Skills Learning and Performance Outcomes Key Terms Your Professional Career Goals and Philosophy Marketing Yourself Career Opportunities Private Practice Insurance Sales Research Management Consulting Teaching Dental Schools Hospitals Public Health and Government Programs Locating Employment Opportunities Newspaper Advertisements Campus Placement Employment Agencies Temporary Agencies Dental Supply Companies Professional Organizations Social Media LinkedIn Facebook Twitter Seeking Employment Telephone Contact Résumé Electronic Résumé Cover Letter Completing a Job Application Form The Interview Promptness Appearance Interviewing Professionally Listen Don’t Talk Too Much Don’t Be Too Familiar Use Appropriate Language Don’t Be Arrogant Take Care to Answer the Questions Ask Questions Don’t Appear Desperate Concluding the Interview Follow-Up Letter Salary Negotiations Employment Agreement Americans With Disabilities Act Job Termination Achieving Career Objectives Positive Attitude Professional Responsibilities Physical Well-Being Patient Education Legal and Ethical Implications Eye to the Future Critical Thinking Electronic Resources Bibliography Glossary A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Z Index A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Tooth Numbering for the Primary Dentition Tooth Numbering for the Permanent Dentition
