Modern Applied Fracture Mechanics

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Table of Contents
Preface
Authors
Chapter 1: Fracture Mechanics
	Objectives
	1.1 Historical to Recent Failures
	1.2 The Need for Fracture Mechanics and Their Applications
	1.3 Materials Science Review
	1.4 Dislocations and Plasticity
	1.5 Isotropy vs. Anisotropy
	1.6 State of Stress and Strain Concepts
	1.7 Stress-Based Approach
	1.8 The Fracture Mechanics Approach
	1.9 Linear Elastic vs. Elastic Plastic Fracture Mechanics
	1.10 Fracture of Metals
	1.11 Fracture of Nonmetals
	1.12 Software Use in Fracture Mechanics
	Review and Practice Problems
	Elementary Mechanics of Materials Problems
	References
Chapter 2: Fundamentals of Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics: Basic
	Objectives
	2.1 Early Theoretical Foundations
	2.2 Stress Concentration
	2.3 Plane Strain or Plane Stress Problems
	2.4 Stress Intensity Factor
		2.4.1 K and Global Behavior
		2.4.2 Flaw Shape
		2.4.3 Multiplicity of Geometry Factor, Y
		2.4.4 Stress Intensity vs. Stress Concentration Factor
	2.5 Finite Size Correction
	2.6 Superposition
	Problems
	Fundamentals of Linear Elasic Fracture Mechanics: Intermediate
		Objectives
	2.7 Fracture Toughness
	Fracture Mechanics Approach
	2.8 The Singularity Zone and the Plastic Zone
	2.9 Effective Fracture Toughness
		2.9.1 Criteria for LEFM Validity
	2.10 Fracture Toughness and Other Properties
		2.10.1 Fracture Toughness and Strength
		2.10.2 Fracture Toughness vs. Temperature
		2.10.3 Fracture Toughness vs. Strain Rate
	2.11 Industry Applications
		2.11.1 Hydraulic Proof Test to Determine K Ic
		2.11.2 Fracture Toughness vs. Tensile Strength
	2.12 Review and Material Assumptions
	Problems
	References
Chapter 3: Energy Approaches
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Griffith’s Theory
	3.3 Driving Force and Resistance to Crack Growth
	3.4 R-Curve Behavior
	3.5 Strain Energy Density
	3.6 The J-Integral
	3.7 Crack Tip Opening Displacement (CTOD)
	3.8 Applications
	Problems
	References
Chapter 4: Applications
	4.1 Fatigue Failures
		4.1.1 Fatigue Fundamentals
			4.1.1.1 S-N Curves
			4.1.1.2 Fatigue Fracture Surface
		4.1.2 Industry Applications
			4.1.2.1 Case Study 1: XFEM Simulation of Fatigue Crack Growth in a Welded Joint of a Pressure Vessel With a Reinforcement Ring Weldment [ 4 ]
			4.1.2.2 Case Study 2: Effect of Additional Holes on the Transient Thermal Fatigue Life of a Gas Turbine Casing [ 5 ]
	4.2 Failure Assessment Diagrams
	4.3 Applications in Failure Analysis
		4.3.1 Fundamentals of Failure Analysis
			4.3.1.1 Tensile Overload
			4.3.1.2 Torsion Overload
			4.3.1.3 Bending Overload
		4.3.2 Industry Applications
			4.3.2.1 Case Study 3: Failure of a 40-inch Diameter Crude Oil Pipeline [ 12 ]
			4.3.2.2 Case Study 4: Failure Study of The Railway Rail Serviced for Heavy Cargo Trains [ 13 ]
	4.4 Non-Destructive Testing
		4.4.1 Ultrasonic Testing
		4.4.2 Eddy Current Testing
		4.4.3 Magnetic Flux Leakage
		4.4.4 Radiographic Testing
		4.4.5 Liquid Penetrant Testing
	Problems
	References
Chapter 5: Further Fracture Mechanics Applications
	Objectives
	5.1 Design Approaches to Prevent Failure
		5.1.1 Safe-Life
		5.1.2 Fail-Safe Approach
		5.1.3 Fail Safe vs. Safe Life
	5.2 Damage Tolerance Analysis
		5.2.1 Safety Assurance Slow Crack Growth vs. Fail Safe
		5.2.2 Residual Strength Curve
	Solution
		5.2.3 Inspectability
		5.2.4 Crack Growth Retardation
		5.2.5 The Wheeler Retardation Model
		5.2.6 Initial Steps in the Damage Tolerance Process
	Solution
		Crack Growth Curve ( a vs. N)
		Inspections
	5.3 Leak Before Burst (LBB)
		5.3.1 Elliptical Crack Growth Behavior
	Solution
	Solution
	5.4 Summary
	Problems
	References
Chapter 6: Experimental Methods
	6.1 Measurement of Fracture Toughness
		6.1.1 Specimen Type
		6.1.2 Specimen Orientation
		6.1.3 Measurement Apparatus
		6.1.4 Specimen Preparation
		6.1.5 K Testing
		6.1.6 Interpretation of Results
		6.1.7 J Testing
			6.1.7.1 The Basic Method
			6.1.7.2 Resistance Curve Method
		6.1.8 CTOD Testing
	6.2 Impact Testing
		6.2.1 Charpy and Izod Testing
		6.2.2 Interpretation of Results
	6.3 Ductile to Brittle Transition Temperature Test
		6.3.1 Standard Method
		6.3.2 Interpretation of Results
	6.4 K-R Curve
		6.4.1 Standard Methods
		6.4.2 Interpretation of Results
	Problems
	References
Chapter 7: Software Applications for Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics
	Objectives
	7.1 Crack Growth Software (LEFM Static Applications)
	Inputs
	Geometric Properties
	Factor of Safety
	Calculation
	Solution
	Residual Strength Curve
	Solution
	Static Load Problems
	Objectives
	7.2 Software Use in LEFM FCG Analysis
	MATLAB
	7.3 FCG Specific Software
		7.3.1 Material Option
		7.3.2 NASGRO Equation
		7.3.3 Model
		7.3.4 Load Input
		7.3.5 Reversing the Loading Sequence
	Inputs
	Geometric properties
	Material selection
	Load
	Calculation
	7.4 Fatigue Analysis with AFGROW
		7.4.1 Crack Growth Model and Material Input
		7.4.2 The Walker Equation
		7.4.3 The Forman Equation
		7.4.4 The Harter T-Method
		7.4.5 Advanced Inputs
		7.4.6 Model Geometry and Load
		7.4.7 Load Input
		7.4.8 Stress State
		7.4.9 Stress Spectrum Input
		7.4.10 Calculation
	Solution
	7.5 Summary
	Problems
	References
Chapter 8: Finite Element Method Use in Fracture Mechanics
	Objectives
	8.1 An Introduction to the Finite Element Method (FEM)
	8.2 FEM for Fracture Mechanics
	8.3 Definitions and Terminology
		8.3.1 Crack Tip/Line Selection
		8.3.2 Crack Extension Direction
		8.3.3 Crack Surfaces
		8.3.4 Virtual Crack Closure Techniques (VCCT)
		8.3.5 Crack Propagation
	8.4 FEM and Fatigue Crack Growth (FCG)
	8.5 Extended Finite Element Method (XFEM)
	8.6 Line Integral Calculation
	8.7 J-Integral and FEM
		8.7.1 Defining Contour Integrals using Conventional FEM vs. XFEM
		8.7.2 Residual Stresses and the J-Integral
	8.8 Integrals Used in FEM/XFEM for LEFM/EPFM
		8.8.1 Line Integral
		8.8.2 Domain Integral
		8.8.3 Green’s Theorem or 2D Divergence Theorem Review
		8.8.4 Divergence Theorem Review
		8.8.5 Interaction Integral
	8.9 Other Considerations
		8.9.1 T - Stress
		8.9.2 Controlling the Singularity at the Crack Tip
		8.9.3 Symmetry
	8.10 FEM Example Using XFEM
	8.11 Summary
	Questions and Problems
	Note
	References
Appendix A
	A.1 Mechanics of Materials Review
	A.2 Stress Transformation, Principal Stress, Strain
Appendix B
Appendix C
Index