Modern and Past Glacial Environments Revised Student Edition

Front Cover......Page 1
Modern and Past Glacial Environments......Page 4
Copyright Page......Page 5
Contents......Page 6
Preface......Page 12
Acknowledgements......Page 14
List of Contributors......Page 16
List of Symbols......Page 18
1.1. Introduction......Page 24
1.2. Impact of ice masses on global habitats and earth systems......Page 25
1.3. Research in modern glacial environments......Page 27
1.4. Research in past glacial environments......Page 28
1.5. Research issues in glacial environments......Page 33
2.1. Introduction......Page 38
2.2. Pre-Cenozoic glaciation......Page 39
2.3. Late Cenozoic glaciation and the classic subdivisions......Page 47
2.4. Oxygen isotope stratigraphy and the marine record of glaciation......Page 49
2.5. Long terrestrial records of climate and glacial fluctuations for the Quaternary......Page 55
2.6. The Late Pleistocene climatic record revealed by deep ice cores......Page 57
2.7. Correlation of Late Cenozoic glaciations in the northern and southern hemispheres......Page 62
2.8. The last 25 000 years and synchroneity of northern and southern hemisphere glacial cycles......Page 67
2.9. Causes of climatic change for Late Cenozoic glaciation......Page 69
2.10. Future climate change and glaciation......Page 73
3.1. Introduction......Page 76
3.3. Formation of glacier ice......Page 77
3.4. Mass balance and glacier sensitivity......Page 78
3.5. Ice sheet modelling strategies......Page 83
3.6. Ice mass changes and fluxes......Page 86
3.7. Structure and thermal characteristics of ice masses......Page 88
3.8. Ice structures......Page 97
3.9. Concluding remarks......Page 100
4.2. Ice mechanics and the thermo-mechanical problem......Page 102
4.3. The flow of ice......Page 105
4.4. The flow of ice sheets......Page 106
4.5. The flow of valley glaciers......Page 110
4.6. The flow of ice shelves......Page 111
4.7. Velocities of ice sheets and glaciers......Page 113
4.8. Glacier surges......Page 117
4.9. Hydrology of glaciers......Page 125
4.10. The nature of meltwater flow and routing at the ice–bed interface......Page 137
4.11. Hydraulic systems and deformable beds......Page 146
4.13. High-magnitude meltwater discharges......Page 148
4.14. Concluding remarks......Page 153
5.1. Introduction......Page 154
5.2. Abrasion......Page 155
5.3. Quarrying......Page 162
5.4. Rates of erosion......Page 165
5.5. Large-scale processes......Page 166
5.6. Summary......Page 168
6.1. Introduction......Page 170
6.2. Ice properties affecting sediment transport......Page 171
6.3. Debris sources......Page 172
6.4. Transport pathways through ice masses......Page 175
6.5. Modification of sediment during transport......Page 187
6.6. Glaciological effects of debris in transport......Page 190
7.2. Factors contributing to terrestrial glaciogenic deposition......Page 194
7.3. Mechanisms of till deposition......Page 195
7.4. Mechanisms of glaciofluvial deposition......Page 201
7.5. Tills of Eastern England – debates about mechanisms of till deposition – a case example......Page 202
8.2. Definition......Page 206
8.3. The subglacial interface – bed types and conditions......Page 208
8.4. Spatial variations in subglacial polythermal-rheological bed conditions......Page 213
8.5. Subglacial sediments and landforms......Page 216
8.7. Subglacial–proglacial transition environments......Page 233
8.8. Subglacial landforms and bedforms......Page 241
8.9. Subglacial erosional forms under active ice......Page 260
8.10. Sediments and landforms of passive ice flow......Page 286
8.11. Repetitive event histories in subglacial environments......Page 300
8.12. Summary......Page 301
9.1. Distinctiveness of proglacial environments......Page 302
9.2. Morphology and landforms of proglacial environments......Page 311
9.3. Proglacial meltwater channels systems......Page 317
9.4. Characteristics of proglacial outwash sediments......Page 318
9.5. Issues and future prospects......Page 338
10.1. Introduction......Page 340
10.2. Sediment and sediment associations......Page 341
10.3. Landforms......Page 348
10.4. Summary......Page 356
11.1. Introduction......Page 358
11.2. Limnology of glacier-fed lakes......Page 363
11.3. Ice-contact glacier-fed lakes......Page 367
11.4. Distal glacier-fed lakes......Page 375
11.5. Stratigraphy and landforms......Page 379
11.6. Recognition of past glaciolacustrine environments......Page 380
11.7. Conclusion......Page 382
12.1. Introduction......Page 384
12.3. Marine-ending termini......Page 386
12.4. Types of grounding-lines......Page 397
12.5. Proglacial and paraglacial environments......Page 401
12.6. Other non-glacial and modifying processes......Page 406
12.7. Sedimentation rates and fluxes......Page 408
12.8. Advance and retreat of marine-ending glaciers......Page 410
13.2. Past glaciomarine sediments: classification and identification......Page 414
13.3. Examples of Pre-Cenozoic glaciomarine sequences......Page 423
13.4. Glaciomarine sediments and the sedimentary environment of a passive margin and its adjacent ocean. The Norwegian-Greenland Sea and the Norwegian/Barents Sea margin a case example......Page 425
13.5. Conclusion......Page 437
14.1. Introduction......Page 440
14.2. Soft sediment deformation......Page 441
14.3. Glaciotectonic regimes......Page 444
14.4. Subglacial shear zones......Page 446
14.5. Marginal compressive belts......Page 454
14.6. Passive deformations......Page 462
14.7. Conclusions......Page 464
15.1. Introduction......Page 468
15.2. Rationale......Page 469
15.3. Stratigraphy within glacial environments......Page 472
15.4. Stratigraphic nomenclature......Page 476
15.5. Glacial stratigraphic procedures and methods......Page 478
15.6. Conclusion......Page 494
16.1. Introduction......Page 498
16.3. Questions illustrative of problems......Page 499
16.4. Epilogue......Page 504
References......Page 506
Index......Page 552