Modern Africa

Cover......Page 1
Half Title......Page 2
Title Page......Page 4
Copyright Page......Page 5
Table of Contents......Page 6
List of maps......Page 11
Preface......Page 12
Part One: Under Foreign Flags, 1914-1930......Page 14
  The heritage of history......Page 16
  Partition of Africa......Page 18
  The First World War, 1914-1918......Page 19
  Broader consequences of the war......Page 20
  From military to civilian rule......Page 24
  Economic consequences......Page 26
  The purposes of new taxation......Page 29
  Export crops and food......Page 30
  The contradictions of 'progress'......Page 31
 3. African Responses: to 1930......Page 35
  'Pacification' in practice......Page 36
  Early attempts at anti-colonial liberation: two examples......Page 37
  Independent churches and religious protest movements......Page 38
  New social groups, or classes-in-the-making......Page 40
 4. Key Ideas for Progress......Page 44
  The Pan-African movement: origins and early aims......Page 45
  National union......Page 46
  Founders of modern nationalism: West Africa......Page 48
  The African voice in South Africa......Page 50
  The policy of 'assimilation'......Page 51
  North Africa: Islam and nationalism......Page 52
  Summary: Resistance and Adjustment......Page 56
Part Two: Colonialism under Strain, 1930-1945......Page 58
  The colonial economy: a dependent economy......Page 60
  1929: economic collapse......Page 64
  Colonial budgets: government spending in the 1930s......Page 66
  New conflicts between the imperial powers......Page 72
  The course of the war......Page 74
  African involvement......Page 75
  The African war effort and its effects......Page 76
  International balance of power......Page 78
  From colonial tribalism to modern nationalism......Page 82
  New men, new organisations......Page 87
 8. Colonialism in Crisis......Page 93
  The colonial system undermined......Page 94
  From elitist parties to mass movements......Page 102
  Summary: Agencies of Modernising Change, 1930-1945......Page 106
Part Three: The Nationalists Win Through......Page 108
  The imperialist powers take stock......Page 111
  The duty of the nationalists......Page 115
  Two partial exceptions: Liberia and Ethiopia......Page 116
  Egypt: from the Wafd to Nasser......Page 123
  Sudan, Somalia, Djibouti, Eritrea......Page 126
 11. Libya and the Maghrib......Page 129
  Tunisia and Morocco......Page 130
  Aigeria: the harshest struggle......Page 132
 12. South of the Sahara: French Colonies......Page 135
  Change and reaction......Page 136
  A limited independence......Page 139
  An interesting comparison?......Page 144
 13. British West Africa......Page 146
  Different views and priorities......Page 147
  Nigeria: giant on the move......Page 148
  Gold Coast upheavals: Ghana takes shape......Page 150
  Sierra Leone and The Gambia......Page 153
  Background to confrontation......Page 155
  Tanganyika and Zanzibar (Tanzania): advance to independence......Page 158
  Rivalries in Uganda: independence for whom?......Page 160
  Kenya: a hard road to freedom......Page 162
  Central Africa: a settlers' federation......Page 163
  Rhodesia: the settlers' republic......Page 165
  Belgian repression: unhappy outcomes......Page 168
  Wars of liberation in the Portuguese colonies......Page 171
  The legacy of Spain......Page 173
  South Africa: new racist aims......Page 175
  The struggle in Namibia......Page 178
  Resistance in South Africa......Page 179
  Besieged but still dangerous......Page 183
  Summary: The Struggles for Independence......Page 188
Part Four: New Freedoms: Progress and Problems......Page 192
 17. History Begins Anew......Page 194
  Citizens of the world......Page 196
  A revolution in education......Page 197
  New artists, new arts, journalism......Page 204
  The gains of independence: an overview......Page 206
  How much independence? 'Neo-colonialism'......Page 209
  The legacy of division......Page 210
  Three periods of experiment......Page 212
  The situation after independence......Page 213
  Searching for solutions......Page 222
 19. Questions about Development......Page 231
  The economic legacy......Page 232
  Export-crops or food?......Page 234
  Population growth and movement......Page 236
  The meaning of development......Page 237
  National planning and infrastructure......Page 245
 20. Questions about Unity......Page 259
  A new vision and understanding......Page 261
  Pan-Africanism and the OAU......Page 265
  OCAM, the Arab League......Page 267
  New moves for regional co-operation......Page 270
 21. Towards Africa's Reconstruction: Summary and Overview......Page 273
  Re-thinking the nation-state: towards a culture of restitution......Page 275
  A wide debate......Page 277
  Learning from self-development......Page 278
  Invasion and dispossession: colonial reality......Page 281
  A distant but instructive parallel......Page 282
  From dispossession to 'tribalism'......Page 284
  Questions of religion......Page 286
  Towards Africa's solutions......Page 288
Appendix 1: Key periods and events......Page 292
Appendix 2: Independence dates......Page 296
A few notes on further reading......Page 299
Index......Page 304