Modeling the Power Consumption and Energy Efficiency of Telecommunications Networks

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface
Authors
Chapter 1: Introduction
	1.1 Reasons for Constructing Global Energy Consumption Models
	1.2 Reasons for Constructing Local Energy Consumption Models
	1.3 Using This Book
	1.4 Notation
	References
Chapter 2: Why Model Network and Service Power Consumption and Energy Efficiency
	2.1 Why Power and Energy Consumption Matters
	2.2 Measurement versus Modelling
	2.3 What Is “Energy Efficiency”?
	2.4 Network Power and Service Power
	Note
	References
Chapter 3: Network Segments and Wireline Equipment Power Models
	3.1 Network Segmentation
	3.2 First-cut (Load Independent) Power Models
		3.2.1 Wired Access Networks Power Model
			3.2.1.1 Digital Subscriber Line Technologies (DSL)
			3.2.1.2 Fibre to the Premises/Home (FTTP/H)
			3.2.1.3 Point-to-Point Fibre (PtP)
			3.2.1.4 Fibre to the Node (FTTN)
			3.2.1.5 Hybrid Fibre Coaxial (HFC)
		3.2.2 Remote Nodes
		3.2.3 Edge Network Power Model
		3.2.4 Core Network Power Model
		3.2.5 Total Network Power Model
	3.3 Measuring and Modelling Equipment Power Consumption
	3.4 A Generic Load-Dependent Power Consumption Model
	3.5 Equipment Capacity Upgrades
	3.6 Load-Dependent Power Models
		3.6.1 Wired Access Network Equipment
		3.6.2 Edge and Core Network Equipment
		3.6.3 Sleep Modes
	3.7 Technical Summary
	3.8 Executive Summary
	References
Chapter 4: Mobile Wireless
	4.1 First-Cut (Load-Independent) Power Models
		4.1.1 Mobile Access Network Power Model
		4.1.2 Base Station Types
	4.2 Wi-Fi access networks Power Model
	4.3 Throughput dependent Power Models
		4.3.1 Idle Power and Data Throughput
	4.4 A Static Mobile Base Station Power Model
		4.4.1 Overview of Long-Term Evolution (LTE) Mobile Systems
	4.5 Fundamentals of Modelling a Mobile Network
	4.6 Modelling the LTE Network
		4.6.1 Resource Elements and Downlink Channels
			4.6.1.1 Example of the Impact of Overheads
			4.6.1.2 Spectral Efficiency, Modulation Coding Scheme (MCS) and Channel Quality Index (CQI)
		4.6.2 Throughput Based Power Consumption Model
			4.6.2.1 Type A and Type B Resource Elements
		4.6.3 Utilisation and Power Consumption
			4.6.3.1 Defining Utilisation µ BS,j (t)
		4.6.4 Time Scales and Averaging
		4.6.5 Overhead Resource Elements
	4.7 Resource Elements and Data Throughput
		4.7.1 Signal to Interference and Noise Ratio (SINR)
		4.7.2 Propagation
	4.8 User Utilisation and Throughput
	4.9 Base Station power consumption and Throughput
		4.9.1 Data Collection
	4.10 Constructing Diurnal Cycle Results
	4.11 Multi-Input Multi-Output (MIMO)
	4.12 Advanced Modelling of Mobile Networks
	4.13 Technical Summary
	4.14 Executive Summary
	4.15 Appendix
		4.15.1 Values of ρ A and ρ B
		4.15.2 Transmission and Propagation Models
		4.15.3 Power Consumption Model Values
	References
Chapter 5: Advanced Modelling of Mobile Networks
	5.1 Overview of the Advanced Model
	5.2 Placing Users in the Service Area
	5.3 Base Station Power Consumption
	5.4 Traffic Demand and Throughput
		5.4.1 Deriving D (usr)
		5.4.2 Representing Traffic over a Diurnal Cycle
		5.4.3 Running the Simulation
	5.5 Signal to Interference and Noise Ratio (SINR)
	5.6 Data Collection
	5.7 Calculating Diurnal Cycle Results
		5.7.1 Diurnal Cycle Totals or Averages
		5.7.2 Average User SINR, < SINR > (usr)
		5.7.3 Average Throughput per User
		5.7.4 Average Base Station Utilisation
		5.7.5 Proportion of Failed Downloads
		5.7.6 Average Base Station Throughput
		5.7.7 Diurnal Cycle Energy Efficiency
	5.8 Example Simulations
		5.8.1 Results from Suburban Geography Simulation
		5.8.2 Results from Urban Geography Simulation
		5.8.3 Results from Dense Urban Geography Simulation
	5.9 Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO)
	5.10 Key differences between the Simple and Advanced Models
		5.10.1 Utilisation and User Demand in the Simple and Advanced Models
		5.10.2 Averaging Times and Throughput
		5.10.3 User Count
		5.10.4 SINR and Congestion
		5.10.5 Base Station Energy Efficiency
	5.11 Technical Summary
	5.12 Executive Summary
	5.13 Appendix
		5.13.1 Steady State and Using Averages
		5.13.2 Calculating Average per User Results
		5.13.3 〈 Y 〉/〈 Z 〉 or 〈 Y / Z 〉
		5.13.4 International Standards
	References
Chapter 6: Heterogeneous Mobile Network
	6.1 Modelling Approach and Details
	6.2 User and Cell Locations across the Heterogeneous Network
		6.2.1 Constructing a Heterogeneous Network
			6.2.1.1 Step 1: Developing a Small Cell Location Grid
			6.2.1.2 Step 2: Placing Small Cell Base Stations onto the Grid
			6.2.1.3 Step 3: Constructing the Small Cell User Location Grid
			6.2.1.4 Step 4: Constructing the Macro Cell User Location Grid
			6.2.1.5 Step 5: Determining the Number of Small Cell and Macro Cell Users
			6.2.1.6 Step 6: Allocating Grid Locations to { SC } and { nSC } Sub-Networks
			6.2.1.7 Step 7: Group 1 User Request Rate and Location in the { SC } Network
			6.2.1.8 Step 8: Group 2 User Request Rate and Location in the { nSC } Joint Network
		6.2.2 Model Separation
		6.2.3 Small Cell Base Station Power
	6.3 Running the Simulation Components
	6.4 Collection and Analysis of Simulation Results
		6.4.1 Simulation Component Results
	6.5 Calculating Diurnal Cycle Results
		6.5.1 Diurnal Cycle Results
	6.6 Heterogeneous Network Results
		6.6.1 User Demand, D (usr) Results
		6.6.2 Diurnal Cycle Results
		6.6.3 Average Throughput per User
		6.6.4 Average User SINR
		6.6.5 Average Base Station Utilisation
		6.6.6 Proportion of Failed Downloads
		6.6.7 Energy Efficiency
	6.7 Heterogeneous Network Simulation
		6.7.1 Small Cell Network Component Results
		6.7.2 Macro Cell Network Component Results
		6.7.3 Heterogeneous Network Results
			6.7.3.1 User Demand, D (usr) Results
			6.7.3.2 Diurnal Cycle Results
	6.8 Scaling for Different Offload Ratios and Download Volume
	6.9 Technical Summary
	6.10 Executive Summary
	6.11 Appendix
		6.11.1 Constructing D (usr) Results
		6.11.2 Constructing Heterogeneous Network Results 〈 Y Het 〉 D from 〈 Y MC 〉 D and 〈 Y SC 〉 D
		6.11.3 Constructing Heterogeneous Network per User Results
	References
Chapter 7: Traffic Models for Networks and Services
	7.1 Diurnal-Cycle Traffic and Power Consumption
	7.2 Averaging Diurnal-Cycle Traffic Data
	7.3 Modelling Peak and Average Traffic Growth
	7.4 Modelling Time-of-Day Traffic Growth
	7.5 Diurnal Traffic and User Types
	7.6 Technical Summary
		7.6.1 Peak and Average Traffic Growth
		7.6.2 Forecasting Time-of-Day Traffic Growth
		7.6.3 User Types
	7.7 Executive Summary
	7.8 Appendix: Linear relationship R (t, n) = H (n) N (t, n)
	References
Chapter 8: Network Power Consumption Modelling
	8.1 Network and Service Power Models
	8.2 A Survey of Network Power Models
	8.3 Accuracy VERSUS Practicality of Modelling
	8.4 Edge and Core Network Power Consumption
		8.4.1 Relating Service Flows and Equipment Flows
		8.4.2 Time Scales and Averaging
		8.4.3 α Matrix Relationships
		8.4.4 Network Power Equation
	8.5 Modelling Power Consumption Growth
		8.5.1 Network Growth and Technology Trends
		8.5.2 Network Power Consumption Forecasting
			8.5.2.1 No Equipment Improvement – Scenario (i)
			8.5.2.2 Latest Generation Equipment across Entire Network – Scenario (ii)
			8.5.2.3 Equipment Improvement and Replacement – Scenario (iii)
		8.5.3 Normalising the Results
	8.6 Technical Summary
	8.7 Executive Summary
	References
Chapter 9: Data Centres
	9.1 Data Centre Power Modelling
		9.1.1 Whole of Data Centre Models
		9.1.2 Data Centre Sub-System-Based Models
	9.2 Server Power Models
	9.3 Cooling and Air Flow
	9.4 Computer Room Air Handling (CRAH) and Chiller Power Models
	9.5 Computer Room Air Conditioning (CRAC) and Condenser Power Models
	9.6 Power supply equipment
	9.7 Pumps and Miscellaneous Power Consumption
	9.8 Bringing the Model Together
	9.9 Server Power Models
		9.9.1 Single Value Server Power Models
		9.9.2 Whole Server Power Models
		9.9.3 Server Sub-System Power Models
		9.9.4 Minimal Information Utilisation Server Power Models
			9.9.4.1 Storage as a Service Server Power Model
			9.9.4.2 Generic Application-Specific Server Power Model
			9.9.4.3 Video Server Power Model
			9.9.4.4 Blockchain Server Power Model
	9.10 Virtualisation
	9.11 Technical Summary
	9.12 Executive Summary
	References
Chapter 10: Service Transport Power Consumption Models
	10.1 Attributional and Consequential Models
	10.2 A Simple “First-Cut” Model
	10.3 Unshared and Shared Equipment
	10.4 Generalised Service Power Model and Dealing with Idle Power
		10.4.1 Bringing in the Network Operator
		10.4.2 Mobile Networks
	10.5 Selecting a Model
	10.6 Service Transport Power Consumption in a Network
	10.7 Diurnal Cycle Service Power Consumption Modelling
	10.8 Technical Summary
	10.9 Executive Summary
	References
Chapter 11: Energy Efficiency
	11.1 Network Power and Energy Consumption Models
	11.2 Recap on Equipment, Network and Service Power Consumption Models
		11.2.1 Equipment Power Consumption Model
		11.2.2 Network Power Model
		11.2.3 Service Power Consumption Model
	11.3 Standardised Energy Efficiency Metrics
	11.4 Constructing Energy Efficiency Metrics
		11.4.1 Energy per Bit Metrics
		11.4.2 Power per User Metrics
	11.5 Comparing Metrics
		11.5.1 Traffic Diurnal Cycles
		11.5.2 Energy per Bit Metrics: 1 H, 2 H and 3 H
			11.5.2.1 Energy Efficiency of a Network Element
			11.5.2.2 Energy Efficiency of a Network
			11.5.2.3 Energy Efficiency of a Service
		11.5.3 Power per User Metrics: 1 G, 2 G and 3 G
			11.5.3.1 Power per User of a Network Element
			11.5.3.2 Power per User of a Network
			11.5.3.3 Power per User of a Service
	11.6 Applications of Energy Efficiency Metrics
		11.6.1 Estimating Power Consumption
			11.6.1.1 Power Consumption Estimation Using “Energy per Bit”: H Metrics
			11.6.1.2 Power Consumption Estimation Using “Power per User”: G Metrics
	11.7 Network Energy Efficiency Trends
	11.8 Technical Summary
	11.9 Executive Summary
	11.10 Appendix
		11.10.1 Derivation of (11.35) and (11.36)
		11.10.2 Calculation of 3 H j (T) in (11.41)
		11.10.3 Calculation of 3 H j (T) in (11.44)b)
		11.10.4 Derivation of (11.56)
	References
Notation Index
Index
	A
	B
	C
	D
	E
	F
	G
	H
	I
	L
	M
	N
	O
	P
	R
	S
	T
	U
	V
	W