Modeling human-system interaction : philosophical and methodological considerations, with examples

Content: Preface xi    Introduction 1    1 Knowledge 5    Gaining New Knowledge 5    Scientific Method: What Is It? 7    Further Observations on the Scientific Method 8    Reasoning Logically 10    Public (Objective) and Private (Subjective) Knowledge 11    The Role of Doubt in Doing Science 11    Evidence: Its use and Avoidance 12    Metaphysics and its Relation to Science 12    Objectivity, Advocacy, and Bias 13    Analogy and Metaphor 14    2 What is a Model? 17    Defining    Model    17    Model Attributes: A New Taxonomy 20    Examples of Models in Terms of the Attributes 25    Why Make the Effort to Model? 27    Attribute Considerations in Making Models Useful 27    Social Choice 30    What Models are Not 31    3 Important Distinctions in Modeling 33    Objective and Subjective Models 33    Simple and Complex Models 35    Descriptive and Prescriptive (Normative) Models 36    Static and Dynamic Models 36    Deterministic and Probabilistic Models 36    Hierarchy of Abstraction 37    Some Philosophical Perspectives 38    4 Forms of Representation 41    Verbal Models 41    Graphs 42    Maps 44    Schematic Diagrams 45    Logic Diagrams 46    Crisp Versus Fuzzy Logic (see also Appendix, Section    Mathematics of Fuzzy Logic   ) 48    Symbolic Statements and Statistical Inference (see also Appendix, Section    Mathematics of Statistical Inference From Evidence   ) 50    5 Acquiring Information 51    Information Communication (see also Appendix, Section    Mathematics of Information Communication   ) 51    Information Value (see also Appendix, Section    Mathematics of Information Value   ) 53    Logarithmic   Like Psychophysical Scales 54    Perception Process (see also Appendix, Section    Mathematics of the Brunswik/Kirlik Perception Model   ) 54    Attention 55    Visual Sampling (see also Appendix, Section    Mathematics of How Often to Sample   ) 56    Signal Detection (see also Appendix, Section    Mathematics of Signal Detection   ) 58    Situation Awareness 59    Mental Workload (see also Appendix, Section    Research Questions Concerning Mental Workload   ) 60    Experiencing What is Virtual: New Demands for Human   System Modeling (see also Appendix, Section    Behavior Research Issues in Virtual Reality   ) 64    6 Analyzing the Information 69    Task Analysis 69    Judgment Calibration 70    Valuation/Utility (see also Appendix, Section    Mathematics of Human Judgment of Utility   ) 72    Risk and Resilience 73    Definition of Risk 73    Meaning of Resilience 73    Trust 75    7 Deciding on Action 77    What is Achievable 77    Decision Under Condition of Certainty (see also Appendix, Section    Mathematics of Decisions Under Certainty   ) 78    Decision Under Condition of Uncertainty (see also Appendix, Section    Mathematics of Decisions Under Uncertainty   ) 79    Competitive Decisions: Game Models (see also Appendix    Mathematics of Game Models   ) 79    Order of Subtask Execution 80    8 Implementing and Evaluating the Action 83    Time to Make a Selection 83    Time to Make an Accurate Movement 84    Continuous Feedback Control (see also Appendix, Section    Mathematics of Continuous Feedback Control   ) 85    Looking Ahead (Preview Control) (see also Appendix, Section    Mathematics of Preview Control   ) 87    Delayed Feedback 88    Control by Continuously Updating an Internal Model (see also Appendix, Section    Stepping Through the Kalman Filter System   ) 88    Expectation of Team Response Time 90    Human Error 91    9 Human   Automation Interaction 95    Human   Automation Allocation 95    Supervisory Control 96    Trading and Sharing 98    Adaptive/Adaptable Control 101    Model   Based Failure Detection 102    10 Mental Models 105    What is a Mental Model? 105    Background of Research on Mental Models 106    Act   R 108    Lattice Characterization of a Mental Model 110    Neuronal Packet Network as a Model of Understanding 112    Modeling of Aircraft Pilot Decision   Making Under Time Stress 113    Mutual Compatibility of Mental, Display, Control, and Computer    Models 114    11 Can Cognitive Engineering Modeling Contribute to Modeling Large   Scale Socio   Technical Systems? 115    Basic Questions 115    What Large   Scale Social Systems are we Talking About? 116    What Models? 120    Potential of Feedback Control Modeling of Large   Scale Societal Systems 122    The STAMP Model for Assessing Errors in Large   Scale Systems 122    Past World Modeling Efforts 123    Toward Broader Participation 124    APPENDIX 129    Mathematics of Fuzzy Logic 129    Mathematics of Statistical Inference from Evidence 131    Mathematics of Information Communication 132    Mathematics of Information Value 134    Mathematics of the Brunswik/Kirlik Perception Model 135    Mathematics of How Often to Sample 136    Mathematics of Signal Detection 138    Research Questions Concerning Mental Workload 141    Behavior Research Issues in Virtual Reality 144    Mathematics of Human Judgment of Utility 146    Mathematics of Decisions Under Certainty 147    Mathematics of Decisions Under Uncertainty 149    Mathematics of Game Models 150    Mathematics of Continuous Feedback Control 152    Mathematics of Preview Control 153    Stepping Through the Kalman Filter System 154    REFERENCES 159    Index 167