Modeling and Simulation of Catalytic Reactors for Petroleum Refining

MODELING AND SIMULATION OF CATALYTIC REACTORS FOR PETROLEUM REFINING......Page 5
CONTENTS......Page 7
PREFACE......Page 11
ABOUT THE AUTHOR......Page 14
1.1 PROPERTIES OF PETROLEUM......Page 15
1.2 ASSAY OF CRUDE OILS......Page 18
1.3.1 Crude Oil Pretreatment: Desalting......Page 24
1.3.2 Atmospheric Distillation......Page 26
1.3.4 Solvent Extraction and Dewaxing......Page 27
1.3.5 Deasphalting......Page 28
1.3.6 Other Separation Processes......Page 29
1.4 UPGRADING OF DISTILLATES......Page 31
1.4.2 Isomerization......Page 32
1.4.3 Alkylation......Page 35
1.4.4 Polymerization......Page 37
1.4.5 Catalytic Hydrotreating......Page 39
1.4.6 Fluid Catalytic Cracking......Page 41
1.5.1 Properties of Heavy Oils......Page 43
1.5.2 Process Options for Upgrading Heavy Feeds......Page 45
2.1 DESCRIPTION OF REACTORS......Page 67
2.1.1 Fixed-Bed Reactors......Page 70
2.1.2 Slurry-Bed Reactors......Page 76
2.2.1 Ideal Flow Reactors......Page 77
2.2.2 Intrareactor Temperature Gradients......Page 80
2.2.3 Intrareactor Mass Gradients......Page 83
2.2.4 Wetting Effects......Page 91
2.2.5 Wall Effects......Page 95
2.3.1 Traditional Lumping......Page 100
2.3.2 Models Based on Continuous Mixtures......Page 113
2.3.3 Structure-Oriented Lumping and Single-Event Models......Page 115
2.4.1 Classification and Selection of Reactor Models......Page 116
2.4.2 Description of Reactor Models......Page 120
2.4.3 Generalized Reactor Model......Page 169
2.4.4 Estimation of Model Parameters......Page 190
REFERENCES......Page 202
NOMENCLATURE......Page 217
3.1 THE HYDROTREATING PROCESS......Page 225
3.1.1 Characteristics of HDT Reactors......Page 227
3.1.2 Process Variables......Page 234
3.1.3 Other Process Aspects......Page 243
3.2.1 Chemistry......Page 255
3.2.2 Thermodynamics......Page 257
3.2.3 Kinetics......Page 260
3.2.4 Catalysts......Page 272
3.3.1 Effect of Catalyst Particle Shape......Page 275
3.3.2 Steady-State Simulation......Page 283
3.3.3 Simulation of a Commercial HDT Reactor with Quenching......Page 287
3.3.4 Dynamic Simulation......Page 297
3.3.5 Simulation of Countercurrent Operation......Page 307
REFERENCES......Page 318
NOMENCLATURE......Page 322
4.1.1 Description......Page 327
4.1.2 Types of Catalytic Reforming Processes......Page 330
4.1.3 Process Variables......Page 332
4.2.1 Chemistry......Page 333
4.2.2 Thermodynamics......Page 335
4.2.3 Kinetics......Page 336
4.2.4 Catalysts......Page 344
4.3.1 Development of the Kinetic Model......Page 345
4.3.2 Validation of the Kinetic Model with Bench-Scale Reactor Experiments......Page 359
4.3.3 Simulation of Commercial Semiregenerative Reforming Reactors......Page 364
4.3.4 Simulation of the Effect of Benzene Precursors in the Feed......Page 371
4.3.5 Use of the Model to Predict Other Process Parameters......Page 375
REFERENCES......Page 378
NOMENCLATURE......Page 380
5: MODELING AND SIMULATION OF FLUIDIZED-BED CATALYTIC CRACKING CONVERTERS......Page 382
5.1.1 Description of the Process......Page 384
5.1.2 Place of the FCC Unit Inside the Refinery......Page 385
5.1.4 Common Yields and Product Quality......Page 387
5.2.1 Transport Phenomena, Thermodynamic Aspects, and Reaction Patterns......Page 388
5.2.2 Lumping of Feedstock and Products......Page 390
5.3 SIMULATION TO ESTIMATE KINETIC PARAMETERS......Page 392
5.3.1 Data from Laboratory Reactors......Page 393
5.3.2 Data from Industrial Operation......Page 398
5.4 SIMULATION TO FIND CONTROLLING REACTION STEPS DURING CATALYTIC CRACKING......Page 399
5.5 SIMULATION OF STEADY OPERATION OF THE RISER REACTOR......Page 401
5.6 SIMULATION TO SCALE UP KINETIC FACTORS......Page 404
5.7.1 Simulation of the Burning of Nonheterogeneous Coke......Page 407
5.7.2 Simulation of Side Reactions During the Burning of Heterogeneous Coke......Page 416
5.7.3 Simulation of the Energy Balance in the Regenerator......Page 423
5.8 MODELING THE CATALYST STRIPPER......Page 424
5.9 SIMULATION OF A CONTROLLED FCC UNIT......Page 425
5.9.1 Mathematical Background......Page 426
5.9.2 Controllability of the Regenerator......Page 429
5.9.3 A Technique to Regulate Tregenerator in Partial Combustion Mode......Page 437
5.10.1 Effect of Feedstock Pretreatment......Page 452
5.10.2 Pilot-Plant Emulation......Page 467
5.10.3 The Sulfur Balance......Page 473
5.11 CONCLUSIONS......Page 480
REFERENCES......Page 482
NOMENCLATURE......Page 486
INDEX......Page 489