Modeling and Control of Drug Delivery Systems

Front Cover
Modeling and Control of Drug Delivery Systems
Copyright
Contents
Contributors
Preface
	About the book
	Objectives of the book
	Organization of the book
	Book features
	Audience
	Acknowledgments
Chapter 1: Hepatitis C Virus Epidemic Control Using a Nonlinear Adaptive Strategy
	1. Introduction
	2. Related Research Work
	3. Dynamic Model of Hepatitis C Virus Epidemic
	4. Nonlinear Adaptive Controller Formulation for Epidemiology of HCV
		4.1. Nonlinear Adaptive Control Laws
		4.2. Stability Proof and Adaptation Laws
	5. Results and Discussion
		5.1. System Response to Different Uncertainty Levels
	6. Conclusion
	Appendix. Barbalat's Lemma
	References
Chapter 2: Integral Sliding Mode Control of Immune Response for Kidney Transplantation
	1. Introduction
	2. Mathematical Model of Transplant Recipients
	3. Control Scheme
		3.1. Design of an Integral Sliding Mode Controller
		3.2. Lyapunov Stability Proof
	4. Simulation Results
		4.1. Primary Infection Case
		4.2. Reactivation Case
		4.3. Control Signals
		4.4. Sensitivity Analysis
		4.5. Possible Antiviral Therapy Strategies
	5. Conclusion Remarks
	References
Chapter 3: Smart Drug Delivery Systems
	1. Introduction
	2. pH-Responsive Drug Delivery Systems
	3. Redox-Responsive Drug Delivery Systems
	4. Thermoresponsive Drug Delivery Systems
	5. Hypoxia-Responsive Drug Delivery Systems
	6. Other External Stimuli-Responsive Systems
	7. Conclusions
	References
Chapter 4: Polymeric Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems
	1. Introduction
	2. Skin Structure and Wounds
	3. Wound Dressings
	4. Different Drug Types
		4.1. Hydrophilic Drugs
		4.2. Hydrophobic Drugs
		4.3. Metal-Based Nanoparticles
	5. Thermodynamic/Kinetic of Drug Delivery Systems
		5.1. Parameters Affecting the Drug Release
		5.2. Principles of Drug-Polymer Solubility Based on Thermodynamics of Mixing
			5.2.1. The primary solubility parameter approach
			5.2.2. The melting point depression method
			5.2.3. The polymer in solution method
			5.2.4. Calculation the activity coefficient of the drug based on FH lattice theory
		5.3. The Relationship Between the Thermodynamic and Kinetic Principles of Drug Release
	6. Polymeric Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems
		6.1. Film-Based Dressings
		6.2. Hydrogels
		6.3. Hydrocolloid-Based Dressings
		6.4. Electrospun Nanofibers
		6.5. Micro/Nanoparticles
		6.6. Biofoams
		6.7. Microneedles
	7. Concluding Remarks
	References
Chapter 5: Stimuli-Responsive Polymers as Smart Drug Delivery Systems
	1. Introduction
	2. Polymers as Responsive Drug Delivery Systems
		2.1. Thermoresponsive Polymeric Drug Delivery Systems
			2.1.1. Poly(methyl vinyl ether)
			2.1.2. Poly (N-ethyl oxazoline)
			2.1.3. Polypeptides
			2.1.4. Poly(N-vinylcaprolactam)
			2.1.5. Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)
			2.1.6. Poly(acrylic acid-co-acrylamide)
		2.2. pH-Responsive Polymeric Drug Delivery Systems
		2.3. Biological-Responsive Polymeric Drug Delivery Systems
		2.4. Ultrasound-Responsive Polymeric Drug Delivery Systems
		2.5. Electro-Responsive Polymeric Drug Delivery Systems
		2.6. Other Responsive Polymeric Drug Delivery Systems
	3. Future Trend and Conclusion
	References
Chapter 6: Efficacy of Polymer-Based Wound Dressings in Chronic Wounds
	1. Introduction
	2. Types of Wounds and Healing Phase
	3. Wound Dressings
		3.1. Hydrogels
		3.2. Hydrocolloids
		3.3. Foams
		3.4. Films
		3.5. Dermal Patches
		3.6. Nanofibers
		3.7. Membranes
		3.8. Polymer-Drug Conjugates
	4. Conclusion
	References
	Website References
Chapter 7: Recent Progress of Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems for Biomedical Applications
	1. Introduction
	2. Skin Morphology
		2.1. Epidermis
			2.1.1. Stratum corneum (the horny layer)
		2.2. Dermis
		2.3. Hypodermis
	3. Skin Penetration
		3.1. Ideal Properties of Permeation Enhancers
	4. Components of Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems
		4.1. Polymer Matrix/Drug Reservoir
		4.2. Drug
		4.3. Pressure Sensitive Adhesives (PSA)
		4.4. Penetration Enhancer
		4.5. Release Liner
		4.6. Backing Layer
		4.7. Other Excipients
	5. Approaches for Developing TDDS
		5.1. Membrane Permeation Controlled TDDS
		5.2. Adhesive Dispersion Type
		5.3. Matrix-Diffusion Controlled TDDS
		5.4. Micro Sealed Dissolution Controlled System or Micro Reservoir Type
		5.5. Micro Structured Transdermal System
	6. Evaluation of Transdermal DDS
		6.1. Physicochemical Properties
			6.1.1. Weight variation test
			6.1.2. Transdermal film thickness
			6.1.3. Drug content
			6.1.4. Percentage of moisture in the TDDS
			6.1.5. Uptake of moisture
			6.1.6. Tensile strength
			6.1.7. Folding endurance
		6.2. Evaluation of Adhesives Used in TDDS
			6.2.1. Adhesive peeling off
			6.2.2. Tack property
				Thumb tack test
				Rolling ball tack test
				Quick stick or peel-tack test
				Probe tack test
		6.3. In Vitro Evaluation
			6.3.1. In vitro drug release studies
				The paddle over the disc method (USP apparatus V)
				Cylinder modified USP basket (USP apparatus 6)
				Reciprocating method (USP apparatus 7)
			6.3.2. Skin permeability studies: Franz diffusion cell
		6.4. In Vivo Evaluation
			6.4.1. Animal models
				Skin irritation studies
			6.4.2. Human models
		6.5. Stability Studies
	7. Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems in the Management of Diseases
	8. Miscellaneous Bio Medical Applications of TDDS
	9. Conclusion
	References
Chapter 8: Towards the Development of Delivery Systems of Bioactive Compounds With Eyes Set on Pharmacokinetics
	1. Introduction
	2. Drug Delivery Systems
		2.1. Release Mechanisms and Classes of Delivery Systems
		2.2. From the Release Dynamics to the Therapeutic Performance
	3. Issues on the Pharmacology of Natural Compounds
		3.1. Challenges in the Therapeutic Application
		3.2. Multifactorial Actions of Natural Compounds
	4. Pharmacokinetic Analysis
		4.1. Essential Concepts
		4.2. Pharmacokinetic Compartmental Models
		4.3. Application of Pharmacokinetic Models to a Prototypical Polyphenol
	5. Study Models and Application in Dermal Delivery
		5.1. Studies in Franz Cell
			5.1.1. Drug permeation studies
			5.1.2. Drug release studies
		5.2. Studies in Transwell System
	6. Conclusions
	References
Chapter 9: Nanofiber: An Immerging Novel Drug Delivery System
	1. Introduction
	2. Nanofiber as Prolonged-Drug Delivery System
		2.1. Wound Healing
		2.2. Cancer
		2.3. Microbial Diseases
		2.4. Cardiovascular Diseases
		2.5. Macromolecules for Miscellaneous Applications
	3. Clinical Applicability Challenges
	4. Future Perspective
	5. Conclusion
	References
Chapter 10: Molecular Dynamics Simulations on Drug Delivery Systems
	1. Introduction
	2. Polymer Composites/Nanocomposites as Drug Delivery Systems
	3. Graphene and Its Derivatives as Drug Delivery Systems
	4. Carbon Nanotubes and Their Derivatives as Drug Delivery Systems
	5. Fullerenes as Drug Delivery Systems
	6. DNAs as Drug Delivery Systems
	7. Peptides and Cell Penetrating Peptides as Drug Delivery Systems
	8. Proteins as Drug Delivery Systems
	9. Nanoparticles as Drug Delivery Systems
	10. Liposomes as Drug Delivery Systems
	11. Micelles as Drug Delivery Systems
	12. Conclusion
	References
Chapter 11: Nanoparticle Drug Delivery: An Advanced Approach for Highly Competent and Multifunctional Therapeutic Treatment
	1. Introduction
	2. Background of Nanoparticles in Human History and Drug Development
	3. Types of Nanoparticles Used for Therapeutic Treatment
		3.1. Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles
		3.2. Chitosan Nanoparticles
		3.3. Solid Lipid Nanoparticles
		3.4. Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticle
		3.5. Liposome Nanocarrier
		3.6. Polymeric Nanocarriers
		3.7. Dendrimer
		3.8. Polymeric Micelles Nanoparticles
	4. Toxicological Profile of Nanoparticles
	5. Conclusion and Future Development
	References
Chapter 12: Targeted Drug Delivery: Advancements, Applications, and Challenges
	1. Introduction
	2. Active Targeting
		2.1. Receptor-Mediated Active Targeting
			2.1.1. Folic acid receptor
			2.1.2. Integrin αvβ3
			2.1.3. Epidermal growth factor-receptor
		2.2. Peptides
		2.3. Folic Acid
		2.4. Aptamer
	3. Passive Targeting
	4. Comparison of Active and Passive Targeting
	5. Conclusion
	References
Chapter 13: Strategies-Based Intrathecal Targeted Drug Delivery System for Effective Therapy, Modeling, and Controlled Re ...
	1. Introduction
		1.1. Outline of the Chapter
	2. Strategies for Intrathecal Drug Delivery
		2.1. Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption by Ultrasound
		2.2. BBB Disruption by Osmotic Mechanism
		2.3. Overcoming Active Efflux at the BBB
		2.4. Passive Diffusion of Drugs
	3. Emerging Trends in Intrathecal Drug Delivery
		3.1. Nanoparticulate Drug Carrier System
		3.2. Hydrogels-Mediated Drug Delivery
		3.3. Microbubble-Assisted Ultrasound-Based Drug Delivery
		3.4. Intranasal Drug Delivery
		3.5. Receptor-Mediated Opening
		3.6. Carbon Nanotubes
	4. Conclusion
	References
Chapter 14: Biopolymer-Based Hydrogel Wound Dressing
	1. Introduction
	2. Wound Dressing and Its Ideal Properties
	3. Wound Dressing Based on Biopolymers
		3.1. Dextran
		3.2. Collagen
		3.3. Chitosan
		3.4. Cellulose
		3.5. Alginic Acid
		3.6. Starch
		3.7. Gelatin
		3.8. Hyaluronan
		3.9. Keratin
		3.10. Silk
	4. Clinical Application
	5. Future Perspective
	References
Chapter 15: Novel Controlled Release Pulmonary Drug Delivery Systems: Current updates and Challenges
	1. Introduction
	2. Background
		2.1. Global Scenario
		2.2. Anatomy and Physiology of the Lungs
	3. Methods
		3.1. Mechanism of Drug Administration
	4. Nanocarrier Drug Delivery Systems
		4.1. Advantages of Nanocarrier Drug Delivery System
			4.1.1. Easy surface amendment
			4.1.2. Targeted delivery
			4.1.3. Regulated release of drug
	5. Drug Delivery Approaches for Pulmonary Respiratory Disease
		5.1. Liposomes
		5.2. Niosomes
		5.3. Nanoparticles
			5.3.1. Magnetic nanoparticles
		5.4. Polymeric Nanoparticles
		5.5. Solid Lipid Nanoparticles
		5.6. Dendrimers
		5.7. Micelles
		5.8. Micro-emulsions
		5.9. Carbon Nanotubes
		5.10. Quantum Dots
			Challenges associated with controlled drug delivery
			Clinical studies of drug delivery system
	6. Future Directions
	7. Conclusion
	References
Chapter 16: Nanoparticle Formulations and Delivery Strategies for Sustained Drug Release in the Lungs
	1. Introduction
	2. Benefits and Drawbacks of the Pulmonary Route Over Other Administration Routes
	3. Marketed Inhalable Products and Patient Compliance
		3.1. Inhalable Drugs Commercially Available in US and UE Markets
		3.2. Patient Compliance to Aerosol Therapy
	4. The Role of Formulation for Controlled PDD
	5. The Role of Inhaler Devices for Controlled PDD
		5.1. pMDIs
		5.2. Accessories of the pMDIs
		5.3. Breath-Actuated MDI Devices (BA-MDIs)
		5.4. DPIs
		5.5. Nebulizers
		5.6. SMIs
	6. Nanobiotechnology Solutions Against Asthma and COPD
	7. Nanobiotechnology Solutions Against Pulmonary Infections and Cancer
	8. Conclusions
	References
Chapter 17: Current Perspectives on Mycosynthesis of Nanoparticles and Their Biomedical application
	1. Introduction
	2. Microbial Green synthesis: A Novel and Eco-friendly Approach
		2.1. Fungi, An Efficient System for the Biosynthesis of NPs
		2.2. The Probable Mechanism of Myconanoparticles Synthesis
		2.3. Achieving Different Sizes of Myconanoparticles
		2.4. Role of NPs in the Treatment of Infectious Diseases
	3. Mycosynthesis of Various NPs and Their Biomedical Applications
		3.1. Silver Myconanoparticles Synthesis
		3.2. Application of Myco-synthesized Silver NPs
		3.3. Gold Myconanoparticles (AuNPs)
		3.4. Application of Myco-synthesized Gold NPs
		3.5. Other Metal and Metal Oxide Myconanoparticles and Their Applications
	4. Conclusion and Future Prospects
	References
Chapter 18: Solid Oral Controlled-Release Formulations
	1. Introduction
	2. Need for Controlled-Release Dosage Forms
	3. Terminologies Used for Describing Controlled-Release Formulations
		3.1. Conventional Release Dosage Form
		3.2. Modified Drug-Release Dosage Form
		3.3. Prolonged-Release Dosage Form
		3.4. Controlled-Drug Release Dosage Form
		3.5. Delayed-Drug Release Dosage Form
	4. Polymers used in Controlled-Release Systems
		4.1. Hydrophilic Polymers
			4.1.1. Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose
			4.1.2. Sodium carboxymethylcellulose
			4.1.3. Sodium alginate
			4.1.4. Carbomers
		4.2. Hydrophobic Polymers
			4.2.1. Ethyl cellulose
			4.2.2. Cellulose acetate
			4.2.3. Polymethacrylates
	5. Types of Controlled-Release Drug Delivery Systems
		5.1. Diffusion-Controlled Systems
			5.1.1. Reservoir-type diffusion-controlled systems
			5.1.2. Matrix-type diffusion-controlled systems
		5.2. Dissolution-controlled systems
			5.2.1. Reservoir-type dissolution-controlled systems
			5.2.2. Matrix-type dissolution-controlled systems
		5.3. Dissolution-diffusion-controlled systems or hybrid systems
	6. Drug Release Characterization From Controlled-Drug Delivery Systems
		6.1. Evaluation of Drug Release Characteristics From Delivery Systems
			6.1.1. Statistical methods
			6.1.2. Model-dependent methods
				Zero-order kinetics
				First-order kinetics
				Higuchi's model
				Hixson-Crowells model
				Korsmeyer-Peppas model
			6.1.3. Model-independent methods
		6.2. Swelling and erosion characterization for controlled-release dosage form
			6.2.1. Swelling characterization
			6.2.2. Erosion characterization
		6.3. Pharmacokinetic Evaluation of Solid Oral-Controlled Dosage Forms
			6.3.1. Rate and extent of absorption and plasma drug fluctuations
	7. Conclusion
	8. Future Prospects
	References
Chapter 19: Advanced Solid Oral Controlled-Release Formulations
	1. Introduction
	2. Gastro-Retentive Drug Delivery Systems
		2.1. Floating Systems
			2.1.1. Effervescent systems
			2.1.2. Noneffervescent systems
		2.2. Bioadhesive or Mucoadhesive Systems
	3. Colon-Targeted Drug Delivery Systems
		3.1. pH-Sensitive Drug Delivery
		3.2. Delayed or Time-Controlled Release Drug Delivery Systems
		3.3. Microbially Targeted Colonic Delivery
		3.4. Integrated Approaches for Colon-Targeted Delivery Systems
	4. Feedback-Regulated Systems
		4.1. Bioresponsive Systems
		4.2. Self-Regulating Systems
	5. Enteric Drug Delivery Systems
		5.1. Reasons for Enteric Coating
		5.2. Polymers Used for Enteric Coating and Its Mechanism
	6. Osmotic Drug Delivery Systems
		6.1. Mechanism Involved in Drug Release From Osmotic Drug Delivery Systems
		6.2. Factors Affecting the Osmotic Drug Delivery Systems [54, 55, 59]
			6.2.1. Solubility
			6.2.2. Delivery orifice
			6.2.3. Osmotic pressure
			6.2.4. Membrane type
		6.3. Advantages of Osmotic Drug Delivery Systems
	7. 3D Printing-Based Controlled-Release Formulations
	8. Ultra-Long Acting Formulations
	9. Patented Technologies
	10. Future Perspective
	11. Conclusion
	References
Chapter 20: Mucoadhesive Polymers: Gateway to Innovative Drug Delivery
	1. Introduction
	2. Mechanism of Mucoadhesion
	3. Mucus Gel Layer
		3.1. Mucins
		3.2. Production
	4. Evaluation of Mucoadhesive Properties
		4.1. Force Determination Methods
			4.1.1. Texture analyzer
			4.1.2. Tensile strength
			4.1.3. Atomic force microscopy
		4.2. Molecular Interaction Methods
			4.2.1. Rheological methods
			4.2.2. DSC thermograms
			4.2.3. Ellipsometry
			4.2.4. Quartz crystal microbalance
			4.2.5. Resonant mirror biosensor
			4.2.6. Surface plasmon resonance
			4.2.7. Nuclear magnetic resonance
			4.2.8. Zeta potential change
			4.2.9. Residual mucin
		4.3. Rinse Methods
			4.3.1. Half-pipe method
			4.3.2. Wash-off test
			4.3.3. Adhesion number
			4.3.4. Rotating cylinder
			4.3.5. Immersion
		4.4. Cellular Methods
			4.4.1. Cell adhesion studies
		4.5. Optical Methods
			4.5.1. Confocal laser scanning microscopy
			4.5.2. Turbidimetry
	5. Mucoadhesive Polymers
		5.1. Classification of Mucoadhesive Polymers
			5.1.1. Classification based on the interfacial forces
				Noncovalent binding polymers
					Nonionic polymers
					Anionic polymers
					Cationic polymers
				Covalent binding polymers
		5.2. Classification Based on the Source of Polymer
			5.2.1. Natural polymers and ligands
				Polysaccharides
				Protein ligands
					Lectins
					Milk proteins
					Silk proteins
					Bacterial protein
				Catechol and its derivatives
			5.2.2. Synthetic and semisynthetic polymers
				Cellulose derivatives
				Polyacrylic acid and its derivatives
				Poloxamers
				Polyethylene glycol
				Polyvinylpyrrolidone
				Polyvinyl alcohol
				Thiomers
					First-generation thiomers
					Second-generation thiomers
					Third-generation thiomers
	6. Factors Affecting Mucoadhesion
		6.1. Polymer Backbone
			6.1.1. Solubility
			6.1.2. Swellability
			6.1.3. Crosslinking
			6.1.4. Concentration
		6.2. Physiological Factors
			6.2.1. pH at the site of action
			6.2.2. Availability of water
			6.2.3. Mucus turnover
			6.2.4. Disease state
			6.2.5. Type of mucin
	7. Mucoadhesive Drug Delivery Systems
		7.1. In Situ Gelling Formulations
		7.2. Electrospun Nanofibers
		7.3. Mucoadhesive Nanoparticles
		7.4. Films
		7.5. Tablets
		7.6. Beads
		7.7. Mucoadhesive Microsphere
		7.8. Polymeric Micelles
		7.9. Polymer-Coated Liposomes
		7.10. Self-Emulsifying Drug Delivery System
	8. Marketed Mucoadhesive Products
	9. Future Perspectives of Mucoadhesive Drug Delivery Systems
	10. Conclusion
	References
Index
Back Cover