Mobility protocols and handover optimization : design, evaluation and application

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About the Authors xv  <
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Foreword xvii  <
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Preface xix  <
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Acknowledgements xxiii  <
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List of Abbreviations xxv  <
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1 Introduction 1  <
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1.1 Types of Mobility 2  <
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1.1.1 Terminal Mobility 2  <
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1.1.2 Personal Mobility 5  <
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1.1.3 Session Mobility 6  <
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1.1.4 Service Mobility 7  <
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1.2 Performance Requirements 7  <
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1.3 Motivation 8  <
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1.4 Summary of Key Contributions 9  <
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2 Analysis of Mobility Protocols for Multimedia 13  <
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2.1 Summary of Key Contributions and Indicative Results 13  <
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2.2 Introduction 14  <
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2.3 Cellular 1G 15  <
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2.3.1 System Architecture 15  <
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2.3.2 Handoff Procedure 17  <
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2.4 Cellular 2G Mobility 17  <
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2.4.1 GSM 17  <
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2.4.2 IS-95 19  <
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2.5 Cellular 3G Mobility 23  <
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2.5.1 WCDMA 24  <
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2.5.2 CDMA2000 26  <
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2.6 4G Networks 27  <
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2.6.1 Evolved Packet System 28  <
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2.6.2 WiMAX Mobility 31  <
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2.7 IP-Based Mobility 34  <
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2.7.1 Network Layer Macromobility 34  <
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2.7.2 Network Layer Micromobility 40  <
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2.7.3 NETMOB: Network Mobility 46  <
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2.7.4 Transport Layer Mobility 49  <
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2.7.5 Application Layer Mobility 49  <
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2.7.6 Host Identity Protocol 50  <
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2.7.7 MOBIKE 52  <
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2.7.8 IAPP 53  <
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2.8 Heterogeneous Handover 55  <
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2.8.1 UMTS   WLAN Handover 55  <
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2.8.2 LTE   WLAN Handover 58  <
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2.9 Multicast Mobility 61  <
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2.10 Concluding Remarks 71  <
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3 Systems Analysis of Mobility Events 73  <
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3.1 Summary of Key Contributions and Indicative Results 75  <
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3.2 Introduction 75  <
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3.2.1 Comparative Analysis of Mobility Protocols 77  <
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3.3 Analysis of Handoff Components 78  <
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3.3.1 Network Discovery and Selection 80  <
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3.3.2 Network Attachment 80  <
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3.3.3 Configuration 81  <
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3.3.4 Security Association 81  <
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3.3.5 Binding Update 82  <
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3.3.6 Media Rerouting 83  <
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3.4 Effect of Handoff across Layers 83  <
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3.4.1 Layer 2 Delay 84  <
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3.4.2 Layer 3 Delay 84  <
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3.4.3 Application Layer Delay 85  <
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3.4.4 Handoff Operations across Layers 85  <
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3.5 Concluding Remarks 90  <
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4 Modeling Mobility 91  <
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4.1 Summary of Key Contributions and Indicative Results 91  <
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4.2 Introduction 92  <
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4.3 Related Work 92  <
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4.4 Modeling Mobility as a Discrete-Event Dynamic System 93  <
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4.5 Petri Net Primitives 94  <
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4.6 Petri-Net-Based Modeling Methodologies 96  <
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4.7 Resource Utilization during Handoff 97  <
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4.8 Data Dependency Analysis of the Handoff Process 99  <
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4.8.1 Petri-Net-Based Data Dependency 99  <
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4.8.2 Analysis of Data Dependency during Handoff Process 100  <
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4.9 Petri Net Model for Handoff 105  <
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4.10 Petri-Net-Based Analysis of Handoff Event 113  <
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4.10.1 Analysis of Deadlocks in Handoff 114  <
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4.10.2 Reachability Analysis 120  <
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4.10.3 Matrix Equations 122  <
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4.11 Evaluation of Systems Performance Using Petri Nets 123  <
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4.11.1 Cycle-Time-Based Approach 123  <
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4.11.2 Floyd-Algorithm-Based Approach 124  <
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4.11.3 Resource   Time Product Approach 125  <
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4.12 Opportunities for Optimization 128  <
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4.12.1 Analysis of Parallelism in Handoff Operations 129  <
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4.12.2 Opportunities for Proactive Operation 129  <
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4.13 Concluding Remarks 130  <
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5 Layer 2 Optimization 131  <
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5.1 Introduction 131  <
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5.2 Related Work 131  <
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5.3 IEEE 802.11 Standards 132  <
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5.3.1 The IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN Architecture 133  <
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5.3.2 IEEE 802.11 Management Frames 134  <
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5.4 Handoff Procedure with Active Scanning 135  <
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5.4.1 Steps during Handoff 135  <
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5.5 Fast-Handoff Algorithm 137  <
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5.5.1 Selective Scanning 137  <
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5.5.2 Caching 138  <
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5.6 Implementation 142  <
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5.6.1 The HostAP Driver 142  <
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5.7 Measurements 142  <
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5.7.1 Experimental Setup 142  <
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5.7.2 The Environment 142  <
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5.7.3 Experiments 143  <
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5.8 Measurement Results 143  <
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5.8.1 Handoff Time 143  <
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5.8.2 Packet Loss 143  <
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5.9 Conclusions and Future Work 146  <
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6 Mobility Optimization Techniques 149  <
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6.1 Summary of Key Contributions and Indicative Results 149  <
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6.1.1 Discovery 149  <
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6.1.2 Authentication 150  <
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6.1.3 Layer 3 Configuration 151  <
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6.1.4 Layer 3 Security Association 152  <
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6.1.5 Binding Update 152  <
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6.1.6 Media Rerouting 153  <
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6.1.7 Route Optimization 154  <
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6.1.8 Media-Independent Cross-Layer Triggers 155  <
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6.2 Introduction 156  <
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6.3 Discovery 156  <
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6.3.1 Key Principles 156  <
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6.3.2 Related Work 157  <
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6.3.3 Application Layer Discovery 158  <
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6.3.4 Experimental Results and Analysis 161  <
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6.4 Authentication 164  <
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6.4.1 Key Principles 166  <
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6.4.2 Related Work 166  <
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6.4.3 Network-Layer-Assisted Preauthentication 169  <
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6.4.4 Experimental Results and Analysis 173  <
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6.5 Layer 3 Configuration 177  <
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6.5.1 Key Principles 179  <
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6.5.2 Related Work 180  <
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6.5.3 Router-Assisted Duplicate Address Detection 180  <
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6.5.4 Proactive IP Address Configuration 180  <
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6.5.5 Experimental Results and Analysis 183  <
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6.6 Layer 3 Security Association 183  <
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6.6.1 Key Principles 184  <
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6.6.2 Related Work 184  <
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6.6.3 Anchor-Assisted Security Association 184  <
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6.6.4 Experimental Results and Analysis 187  <
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6.7 Binding Update 190  <
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6.7.1 Key Principles 191  <
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6.7.2 Related Work 191  <
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6.7.3 Hierarchical Binding Update 192  <
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6.7.4 Experimental Results and Analysis 195  <
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6.7.5 Proactive Binding Update 199  <
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6.8 Media Rerouting 199  <
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6.8.1 Key Principles 200  <
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6.8.2 Related Work 200  <
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6.8.3 Data Redirection Using Forwarding Agent 201  <
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6.8.4 Mobility-Proxy-Assisted Time-Bound Data Redirection 202  <
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6.8.5 Time-Bound Localized Multicasting 205  <
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6.9 Media Buffering 210  <
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6.9.1 Key Principles 211  <
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6.9.2 Related Work 211  <
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6.9.3 Protocol for Edge Buffering 212  <
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6.9.4 Experimental Results and Analysis 215  <
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6.9.5 Analysis of the Trade-off between Buffering Delay and Packet Loss 219  <
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6.10 Route Optimization 220  <
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6.10.1 Key Principles 221  <
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6.10.2 Related Work 221  <
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6.10.3 Maintaining a Direct Path by Application Layer Mobility 221  <
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6.10.4 Interceptor-Assisted Packet Modifier at the End Point 222  <
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6.10.5 Intercepting Proxy-Assisted Route Optimization 224  <
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6.10.6 Cost Analysis and Experimental Analysis 226  <
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6.10.7 Binding-Cache-Based Route Optimization 229  <
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6.11 Media-Independent Cross-Layer Triggers 232  <
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6.11.1 Key Principles 232  <
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6.11.2 Related Work 232  <
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6.11.3 Media Independent Handover Function 233  <
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6.11.4 Faster Link-Down Detection Scheme 238  <
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6.12 Concluding Remarks 241  <
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7 Optimization with Multilayer Mobility Protocols 243  <
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7.1 Summary of Key Contributions and Indicative Results 243  <
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7.2 Introduction 244  <
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7.3 Key Principles 245  <
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7.4 Related Work 245  <
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7.5 Multilayer Mobility Approach 246  <
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7.5.1 Policy-Based Mobility Protocols: SIP and MIP-LR 247  <
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7.5.2 Integration of SIP and MIP-LR with MMP 248  <
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7.5.3 Integration of Global Mobility Protocol with Micromobility Protocol 250  <
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7.5.4 Implementation of Multilayer Mobility Protocols 250  <
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7.5.5 Implementation and Performance Issues 252  <
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7.6 Concluding Remarks 255  <
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8 Optimizations for Simultaneous Mobility 257  <
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8.1 Summary of Key Contributions and Indicative Results 257  <
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8.2 Introduction 258  <
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8.2.1 Analysis of Simultaneous Mobility 258  <
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8.3 Illustration of the Simultaneous Mobility Problem 260  <
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8.4 Related Work 262  <
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8.5 Key Optimization Techniques 262  <
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8.6 Analytical Framework 262  <
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8.6.1 Fundamental Concepts 262  <
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8.6.2 Handoff Sequences 263  <
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8.6.3 Binding Updates 264  <
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8.6.4 Location Proxies and Binding Update Proxies 265  <
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8.7 Analyzing the Simultaneous Mobility Problem 267  <
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8.8 Probability of Simultaneous Mobility 270  <
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8.9 Solutions 272  <
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8.9.1 Soft Handoff 273  <
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8.9.2 Receiver-Side Mechanisms 273  <
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8.9.3 Sender-Side Mechanisms 275  <
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8.10 Application of Solution Mechanisms 276  <
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8.10.1 Mobile IPv6 277  <
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8.10.2 MIP-LR 279  <
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8.10.3 SIP-Based Mobility 280  <
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8.11 Concluding Remarks 282  <
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9 Handoff Optimization for Multicast Streaming 285  <
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9.1 Summary of Key Contributions and Indicative Results 285  <
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9.2 Introduction 286  <
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9.3 Key Principles 289  <
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9.4 Related Work 290  <
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9.5 Mobility in a Hierarchical Multicast Architecture 291  <
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9.5.1 Channel Announcement 293  <
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9.5.2 Channel Management 293  <
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9.5.3 Channel Tuning 293  <
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9.5.4 Local Advertisement Insertion 294  <
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9.5.5 Channel Monitor 294  <
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9.5.6 Security 295  <
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9.6 Optimization Techniques for Multicast Media Delivery 296  <
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9.6.1 Reactive Triggering 296  <
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9.6.2 Proactive Triggering 297  <
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9.6.3 Triggering during Configuration of a Mobile 298  <
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9.7 Experimental Results and Performance Analysis 299  <
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9.7.1 Experimental Results 299  <
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9.7.2 Performance Analysis 302  <
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9.8 Concluding Remarks 305  <
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10 Cooperative Roaming 307  <
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10.1 Introduction 307  <
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10.2 Related Work 309  <
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10.3 IP Multicast Addressing 310  <
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10.4 Cooperative Roaming 311  <
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10.4.1 Overview 311  <
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10.4.2 L2 Cooperation Protocol 312  <
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10.4.3 L3 Cooperation Protocol 313  <
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10.5 Cooperative Authentication 314  <
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10.5.1 Overview of IEEE 802.1x 314  <
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10.5.2 Cooperation in the Authentication Process 315  <
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10.5.3 Relay Process 316  <
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10.6 Security 318  <
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10.6.1 Security Issues in Roaming 318  <
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10.6.2 Cooperative Authentication and Security 319  <
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10.7 Streaming Media Support 320  <
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10.8 Bandwidth and Energy Usage 320  <
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10.9 Experiments 321  <
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10.9.1 Environment 321  <
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10.9.2 Implementation Details 322  <
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10.9.3 Experimental Setup 322  <
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10.9.4 Results 323  <
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10.10 Application Layer Mobility 328  <
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10.11 Load Balancing 329  <
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10.12 Multicast and Scalability 330  <
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10.13 An Alternative to Multicast 330  <
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10.14 Conclusions and Future Work 331  <
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11 System Evaluation 333  <
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11.1 Summary of Key Contributions and Indicative Results 333  <
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11.2 Introduction 334  <
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11.3 Experimental Validation 334  <
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11.3.1 The Media Independent Preauthentication Framework 334  <
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11.3.2 Intratechnology Handoff 338  <
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11.3.3 Intertechnology Handoff 340  <
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11.3.4 Cross-Layer-Trigger-Assisted Preauthentication 342  <
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11.3.5 Mobile-Initiated Handover with 802.21 Triggers 344  <
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11.3.6 Network-Initiated Handover with 802.21 Triggers 345  <
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11.3.7 Handover Preparation Time 346  <
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11.4 Handoff Optimization in IP Multimedia Subsystem 350  <
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11.4.1 Nonoptimized Handoff Mode 350  <
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11.4.2 Optimization with Reactive Context Transfer 351  <
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11.4.3 Optimization with Proactive Security Context Transfer 352  <
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11.4.4 Performance Results 353  <
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11.5 Systems Validation Using Petri-Net-Based Models 355  <
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11.5.1 MATLAB(R)-Based Modeling of Handoff Functions 356  <
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11.5.2 Petri-Net-Based Model for Optimized Security Association 360  <
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11.5.3 Petri-Net-Based Model for Hierarchical Binding Update 361  <
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11.5.4 Petri-Net-Based Model for Media Redirection of In-Flight Data 362  <
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11.5.5 Petri-Net-Based Model of Optimized Configuration 364  <
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11.5.6 Petri-Net-Based Model for Multicast Mobility 364  <
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11.6 Scheduling Handoff Operations 365  <
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11.6.1 Sequential Scheduling 366  <
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11.6.2 Concurrent Scheduling 368  <
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11.6.3 Proactive Scheduling 368  <
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11.7 Verification of Systems Performance 369  <
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11.7.1 Cycle-Time-Based Approach 369  <
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11.7.2 Using the Floyd Algorithm 370  <
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11.8 Petri-Net-Based Modeling for Multi-Interface Mobility 371  <
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11.8.1 Multihoming Scenario 371  <
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11.8.2 Break-Before-Make Scenario 372  <
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11.8.3 Make-Before-Break Scenario 372  <
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11.8.4 MATLAB(R)-Based Petri Net Modeling for Multi-Interface Mobility 372  <
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11.9 Deadlocks in Handoff Scheduling 374  <
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11.9.1 Handoff Schedules with Deadlocks 375  <
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11.9.2 Deadlock Prevention and Avoidance in Handoff Schedules 377  <
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11.10 Analysis of Level of Concurrency and Resources 380  <
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11.11 Trade-off Analysis for Proactive Handoff 385  <
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11.12 Concluding Remarks 389  <
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12 Conclusions 391  <
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12.1 General Principles of Mobility Optimization 391  <
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12.2 Summary of Contributions 393  <
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12.3 Future Work 394  <
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A RDF Schema for Application Layer Discovery 395  <
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A.1 Schema Primitives 395  <
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B Definitions of Mobility-Related Terms 399  <
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References 409  <
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Index 425