Mixed Plantations of Eucalyptus and Leguminous Trees: Soil, Microbiology and Ecosystem Services

Preface
	Mixed Plantations of Eucalyptus and Acacia mangium
Contents
Contributors
About the Editors
Chapter 1: Why Mixed Forest Plantation?
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Socioeconomic Benefits
	1.3 History of Mixed Plantations
	1.4 Major Combinations of Species Already Tested in Practice and Potential
	1.5 Final Remarks
	References
Chapter 2: Growth Patterns at Different Sites and Forest Management Systems
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Soil and Climatic Conditions on Stand Growth of Mixed-Forest Plantations
	2.3 Silvicultural Management
	2.4 Intra- and Inter-specific Interactions (Competition and Facilitation Processes) in Stand Growth
		2.4.1 Ecological Interactions Change Throughout a Single Rotation
	2.5 Aboveground Biomass
	2.6 Belowground Biomass
	2.7 Final Remarks
	References
Chapter 3: Nutrient Cycling in Mixed-Forest Plantations
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Nutrient Inputs
		3.2.1 Atmospheric Deposition
		3.2.2 Rock Weathering
	3.3 Nutrient Uptake and Accumulation
	3.4 Nutrient Outputs
	3.5 Nutrient Redistribution Within and Among Plants
	3.6 Return of Nutrients from Plants to Soil
	3.7 Decomposition of Forest Litter
	3.8 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 4: Litter Decomposition and Soil Carbon Stocks in Mixed Plantations of Eucalyptus spp. and Nitrogen-Fixing Trees
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Carbon Assimilation and Partitioning in Forest Plantation
	4.3 Litterfall and Nutrient Deposition in Pure and Mixed-Forest Plantations
	4.4 Litter Decomposition Under Pure and Mixed-Forest Plantation
	4.5 Are Soil Carbon Stocks Really Higher in Mixed Plantations than in Monocultures?
		4.5.1 Soil Carbon Stocks in Pure Plantations of Eucalyptus
		4.5.2 Soil C Stocks Under Mixed Plantations of N2-Fixing and Non-N2-Fixing Plantations
	4.6 How to Improve the Soil C Stocks in Mixed-Species Plantations Under Tropical Conditions?
	4.7 Final Considerations
	References
Chapter 5: Soil Bacterial Structure and Composition in Pure and Mixed Plantations of Eucalyptus spp. and Leguminous Trees
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Soil Bacterial Functioning
	5.3 Soil Bacterial Communities in Pure and Mixed Eucalyptus Plantations
	5.4 Plant Growth-Promoting Endophytic Bacteria and the Potential for Eucalyptus
	5.5 Final Comments
	References
Chapter 6: Biological Nitrogen Fixation (BNF) in Mixed-Forest Plantations
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Nodulating Bacteria and Symbiosis Establishment
	6.3 The Ability of the Forest Legumes to Nodulate and Fix Nitrogen
	6.4 Brazilian Rhizobia Selection Program for Leguminous Trees
	6.5 Dependence of Biological N2 Fixation on Mycorrhization
	6.6 The Contribution of BNF in Mixed-Forest Plantations
		6.6.1 Measuring the Biological Nitrogen Fixation (BNF) in Woody Perennial Species
		6.6.2 Higher Nitrogen Fixation in Mixed Plantations
		6.6.3 Nitrogen Transfer between Plants in Mixed Plantations
	6.7 Brazilian Native Legume Tree Species with Potential for Mixed Plantations
		6.7.1 Fertilizing Legume Trees
		6.7.2 Timber Species
		6.7.3 Other Introduced-Potential Species (Trees and Shrubs)
	6.8 Final Considerations
	References
Chapter 7: Mycorrhiza in Mixed Plantations
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF)
	7.3 Ectomycorrhizal Fungi (ECMF)
	7.4 AM and ECM Symbiosis in Pure and Mixed Plantation of Eucalyptus sp. and Acacia sp.
	7.5 Mycorrhiza in Deep Soil Layers
	7.6 Understanding the Concept of Common Mycorrhizal Networks (CMN) in Mixed Plantations of Eucalyptus and Acacia: Prospects for Future Research
	7.7 Final Remarks
	References
Chapter 8: Mesofauna and Macrofauna in Soil and Litter of Mixed Plantations
	8.1 General Introduction
	8.2 Effect of Forest Plantations on Soil Macrofauna
	8.3 Mesofauna Community in Mixed Plantations of Eucalyptus and Acacia: Effects of Soil and Litter Quality
	8.4 Springtails and Beetles in Forest and Agricultural Systems: An Approach to Morphotypes
	8.5 Enchytraeids in Forest and Agricultural Sites: The Dramatic Difference Between the Dataset Among Tropical and Temperate Regions
	8.6 Conclusions and Outlook
	References
Chapter 9: Bioindicators of Soil Quality in Mixed Plantations of Eucalyptus and Leguminous Trees
	9.1 Soil Quality Indicators: Definitions, Applications and Challenges
		9.1.1 Definitions
		9.1.2 Applications
		9.1.3 Challenges
	9.2 Biological Properties in Forest Ecosystems: Why Are They Important for Eucalyptus Plantation?
		9.2.1 Forest Habitats: A Brief Description
	9.3 Native and Planted Forest Environments
	9.4 The Mixed or Consortiated Forest System with N2-Fixing Trees: Brief Importance of Biological Functions for Soil, Plant Health, and Nutrient Cycling
	9.5 Soil Microorganism Processes and Nutrient Cycling in Forest Plantations
	9.6 Final Remarks and Future Perspectives
	References
Chapter 10: Ecosystem Services in Eucalyptus Planted Forests and Mixed and Multifunctional Planted Forests
	10.1 A Brief State of the Art of Native and Planted Forests
	10.2 Ecosystem Services
		10.2.1 Background and Conception
		10.2.2 Classification of Ecosystem Services
			10.2.2.1 Support Services
			10.2.2.2 Regulation Ecosystem Services
			10.2.2.3 Provision (Supply) Services
			10.2.2.4 Cultural Services
	10.3 Ecosystem Services of Monoculture, Intensely Managed Planted Forests
	10.4 Ecosystem Services in Low-Diversity, Mixed-Planted Forests
	10.5 Ecosystem Services of High-Diversity, Mixed Plantations: Multifunctional Planted Forest
	10.6 Final Comments
	References
Chapter 11: The Risk of Invasions When Using Acacia spp. in Forestry
	11.1 Aliens Welcome
	11.2 Acacia Silviculture
	11.3 Success for the Successful
	11.4 But Why?
	11.5 Acacia and Its Interactions
	11.6 We Are Not Alone: The Pity Comes by Horseback
	11.7 Conclusions: In Doubt Do Not Overtake
	References
Chapter 12: Multifunctional Mixed-Forest Plantations: The Use of Brazilian Native Leguminous Tree Species for Sustainable Rural Development
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Planted Forests
	12.3 Mixed Plantations Including Native Species
	12.4 Case Studies
	12.5 Use of N2-Fixing Tree Species in Agroforestry Systems
	12.6 Outlook and Conclusions
	References
Chapter 13: The Brazilian Legal Framework on Mixed-Planted Forests
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Concepts
	13.3 Brazilian Federal Legal Framework
	13.4 The National Plan on Climate Change, the Federal Law and the National Policy for the Protection of Native Vegetation, and National Policy on Planted Forests: Opportunities and Challenges
	13.5 Final Comments
	References
Index