Minor Spices and Condiments: Global Economic Potential

Acknowledgements
Contents
Introduction
	References
Onion and Garlic -Bulbous Spices
	Onion
	Varieties
	New Varieties
	Crop Management Practices
	Soil Preparation
	Crop Rotation
	Propagation
	Transplanting
	Direct Bulb Planting for Green Onions as Salad
	Direct Planting Method
	Irrigation
	Interculture, Weeding and Rogueing
	Nutrition
	Harvest
	Yield
	Seed Production
	Isolation Distances
	Crop Protection
	Diseases
	Marketing
	Storage
	Cold Storage
	Irradiation
	Effect of Nitrogen Fertilization on Storage Behavior
	Curing
	Neck Cutting
	Sorting and Grading
	Packaging
	Effect of Packing Material on Quality
	Composition (Table 2)
	Reference
Garlic
	Crop Management
	Marketing
	Curing, Packaging and Storing
	Composition
	Uses of Garlic
	Garlic as an Insecticide
	Garlic in Medicine
	References
Leek/Stone Leek/Welsh Onion
	Crop Management
	Reference
Ajowan or Bishop’s Weed
	Crop Management
	Cultural Practices
	Rainfed Cultivation
	Post-Harvest Technology (Table 1)
	Processed Products
	Essential Oil
	Medical Use
	References
Celery Seed
	Economic Importance and International Trade
	Area and Production
	Crop Management
	Land Preparation
	Sowing Method
	Fertilizers
	Irrigation
	Plant Protection
	Tissue Culture
	Threshing and Harvesting
	Post Harvest Technology
	Adulteration in Celery Seed
	Grading
	Packaging and Storage
	Processed Products
		Seed-Based Processed Products
			Types of Essential Oils from Celery
	Celery Seed Oleoresin
	Processed Products from Celery Leaves and Stalks
	Celery Stalk Products
	How to Handle and Store Celery Seed Ad Its by Products?
	Uses
	Reference
Coriander
	Description and Distribution
	Origin and Brief History
	Commercial Production
	Botanical Description
	Economic Importance and International Trade
	Plant Protection Measures
	Controlling Insect Pests
	Additional Plant Protection Measures to Control Diseases and Pests
	Harvesting and Threshing
	Packaging and Storage
	Natural Occurrence of Aflatoxins in Coriander Seeds
	Processed Products
	Coriander Dal – An Improved CFTRI Product
	Seasoning from Coriander Roots
	Uses of Coriander
	References
Cumin Seed or Safaid Jeera
	Description and Distribution
	Brief History and Distribution
	Area and Production
	Crop Management
	Cultivars
	Sowing Time
	Commercial Quality
	Cumin Powder
	Volatile Oil
	New Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SCFE) Process for Volatile Oil
	Uses
	References
Fenugreek
	Description and Distribution
	Area, Production and Export
	Crop Management
		Climate and Soil
		Manuring
	Propagation
	Seed Rate
	Irrigation and Interculture
	Tissue Culture
	Plant Protection
	Post-harvest Technology
	Marketing
	Grades and Specifications
	Processed Products
	Oleoresin
	Uses
	References
Mustard
	Origin and Historical Background
	Yellow or White Mustard
	Brown and Oriental Mustard Seed
	Black Mustad Seeds
	The Uniqueness of Yellow Mustard
	Description and Distribution
	Area, Production and Export
	Crop Management
	Plant Protection
	Post-harvest Technology
	Quality Evaluation
	Brown Mustard(Brassica juncea)
	Quality Standards
	Processed Products
	Mayonnaise
	Dried/Dehydrated Mustard Greens (Leaves)
	Mustard for Industrial Buyer
	Uses
Cassia and Cinnamon
	Nomenclature
	Species of Cinnamon Grown in India
	Description and Distribution
	Crop management/Propagation
	Uses
	Tejpat or “Tamal Patra” or Indian Cassia lignea
	Description and Distribution
	Crop Management
	Harvesting and Collection of Tamala Leaves
	Preparation for Marketing
	Uses
	Physico-chemical Specifications of Cassia Types
	Packing
	References
Cinnamon or True Cinnamon
	Description and Distribution
	Area, Production and Export
	World Trade in Cinnamon
	Global Market Outlook
	Crop Management
	Transplanting of Cinnamon into Polythene Bags
	Propagation of Cinnamon by Cuttings
	Transplanting Seedlings
	Manuring and Intercultivation
	Weeding
	Pruning/Cropping
	Variability Studies
	Plant Protection
	Harvesting
	Post Harvest technology:
		Preparation and Cutting of Bark Spice for Marketing:
	Cutting and Peeling
	Preparation of Quils
	Drying of Quils
	Bark Anatomy
	Utilization of Leaves and Twigs
	Economics of Cultivation
	Grading
	Type Seychelles
	Type Madagascar
	Packaging of Different Commercial Classes of Cinnamon Bark and Powder:
		Whole cinnamon:
	Cinnamon powder:
	Packing of Cinnamon and Cassia and their products:
	Storage of Cinnamon and Fumigation
	Transport of Cinnamon
	Processed Products
	Cinnamon Bark Oil
	Cinnamon Leaf Oil
	Seasonal Variation in Oil Recovery
	Physio-Chemical/Quality Specifications for Cinnamon Leaf Oil
		Physical Specifications
	Cinnamon and Cassia Oleoresins
	Other Products
	Packaging and Storage
	Uses
	Stem Bark Oil
	Fungitoxic Properties of Cinnamon Bark Oil
	Cinnamon Leaf Oil
	Root Bark Oil
	Seed Oil
	Cinnamon Buds
	Cinnamon Wood
	References
Clove
	Description, Distribution, and Economic Importance
	Area, Production and Export/Import
	What Are the Constraints of Clove Production in India?
	Crop Management
	Varieties
	Propagation
	Factors Affecting Germination
	Raising Nursery
	Transfer of Seedlings to Bamboo Baskets/Mud Pots/Polythene Bags
	Transplanting in the Main Field
	Propagation by Grafting
	Mixed Cropping
	Weeding
	Support
	Manuring
	Interculture/Thinning
	Soil and Moisture Conservation Work
	Water Management
	Harvesting and Curing
	Plant Protection
		Insect Pests
		Animals
		Plant Diseases
		Nursery Pests and Diseases
	Yield
	Economics of Cultivation
	Constraints in Clove Cultivation
	Post Harvest Technology
		Preparation of Clove for the Market
		Grading
	Grading of Whole Cloves
	Physico-Chemical Quality Requirements/Specifications
	Ground (Powdered) Cloves
	Packing of Whole and Ground Cloves
	Storage
	Transport
	Defective Cloves
	Composition
	Adulteration
	Quality Standards
	Packing of Cloves
	Packaging of Clove Oil
	Packaging of Clove Oleoresin
	Processed Products
		Clove Bud Oil
		Clove Stem Oil
		Clove Leaf Oil
		Oil of Mother Cloves
		Clove Root Oil
	Uses
	References
Mace and Nutmeg
	Description and Distribution
	Area, Production and Exports/Imports
	Crop Management
	Propagation by Nursery
	Standardization of Seed Propagation Technique for Nutmeg: Advancements
	Transplanting of Seedlings in the Field
	Manuring
	Mulching
	Interculture/Weeding
	Plant Protection
	Diseases
	Constraints in Nutmeg Cultivation
	Harvesting and Curing
	Yield
	Economics of Cultivation
	Post Harvest Technology
		Packaging of Mace and Nutmeg
	Grading
	Nutmeg
	Processed Products
		Mace Products
	Nutmeg Butter
	Uses
		Nutmeg
		Mace
	References
Allspice or Pimenta or Pimento
	Description and Distribution
	Distribution
	Crop Management
	Propagation
	Propagation by Seed/Nursery Seedlings
	Viability of Allspice Seedlings
	Propagation by Budding
	Propagation by “Approach Grafting”
	Top Working
	Rooting in Allspice by Air Layering
	Transplanting of Seedings
	Weeding/After Care and Fertilizer Schedule
	Successful Fruiting in Allspice
	Harvesting and Yield
	Major Types of Allspice (Pimento)
	Plant Protection
		Diseases
		Insect Pests
	Post Harvest Technology
		Grades/Types
	International Organization for Standardization
		Storage of Pimento
		Transport of Pimento
		Packaging and Storage
	Processed Products
		Pimenta Berry Oil
		Pimenta Leaf Oil
		Pimenta Oleroresin
		As Food Flavorant
		Use in Medicine
		Berry Oil
		Leaves
		Pimenta Bark and Wood
	References
Curry Leaf
	Description and Distribution
	Area, Production and Exports
	Crop Management
	Curry Leaf Cultivation in Homelands of Southern Kerala, India
	Raising Nursery
	Manuring
	Harvesting
	Weeding
	Prophylactic Measures
	Cost of Cultivation
	Plant Protection
	Diseases
	Post Harvest Technology
	Processed Products
		Volatile Oil
	Dehydrated Curry Leaves
	References
Tamarind
	Description and Distribution
	Area, Production and Exports
	Crop Management
		Soil and Climate
	Varieties
	Propagation
	Patch Budding for Quicker Multiplication on Large Scale
	Growth/Development of Seedlings
	Irrigation
	Manuring
	After Cultivation
	Disease Control
	Insect Pests
	Nematodes
	Harvesting
	Yield
	Post Harvest Technology
		Preparation for the Market
	Composition
		Tamarind Pulp
	Tamarind Concentrate
	Tamarind Powder
	Grading
	Processed Products
	Uses
	References
Asafoetida or Asafetida
	Description and Distribution
	Area, Production and Trade
	Method of Gum-Resin Collection
	Crop Management
	Composition
	Adulteration
	Processed Products
	Compounded Asafoetida Powder and Tablets: A Simple CFTRI Process
	Details of CFTRI Process
	Raw Materials Needed for 200 kg Batch
	Uses
	Some Important Concluding Observations
	References
Vanilla
	Description and Distribution
	Commercial Forms of Vanilla
	Area, Production and Trade
	Varieties
	Future Prospects
	Major Constraints in Natural Vanilla Production
	A definite Future for Natural Vanilla
	Crop Management
	Manuring
	After-Care
	Flowering and Natural Pollination
	Hand Pollination
	Pod Development
	Tissue Culture for Vanilla Production
	Yield
	Plant Protection
		Diseases
	Pests
	Post-harvest Technology
	Natural Mechanism of Flavor (Vanillin) Generation During Curing
	Enzymic Generation of Vanillin
	Yield of Cured Beans
	Mechanized Method of Curing and Modification of the Vanilla Preparation Method:
	Vanilla Bean Packing and Storage
	Vanilla Pods
	Cut Vanilla
	Vanilla in Bulk
	Vanilla for Retail Trade
	Quality Attributes of Vanilla
	Some Precautions
	Adulteration
	Processed Products
	Vanilla Powder, “Vanilla Absolute” and Vanilla Tincture
	Uses
		As Food Flavorant and in Perfumery
	References