Mineralogy for Petrologists: Optics, Chemistry and Occurrences of Rock-Forming Minerals

Introduction 
Why the microscope? Purpose of the book 
Use of the CD 
Browsing the CD 
1 Rocks and minerals 
1.1 What is a mineral? 
1.1.1 An ordered atomic structure 
1.1.2 A given chemical composition 
.2 Classification of the minerals 
1.3 Factors of occurrence of minerals 
1.3.1 Physical factors 
1.3.2 Chemical factors 
1.3.2.1 Parameters linked to the fluid phase 
1.3.2.2 Chemical composition of the rock 
1.3.2.3 Silica saturation of igneous rocks 
1.3.2.4 Alumina saturation of igneous rocks 
1.4 Plan adopted in this guide 
2 Observations with the petrographic microscope 
2.1 Indicatrix (refractive index ellipsoid) 
2.2 The petrographic microscope 
2.3 Crystalline plate with parallel faces in crossed polarized light 
2.4 Observations in parallel polarized light (PPL) 
2.4.1 Forms, fractures, cleavages 
2.4.2 Index/refringence 
2.4.3 Color – Pleochroism 
2.4.4 Inclusions 
2.4.5 Alterations 
2.5 Observations in cross polarized light (CPL) 
2.5.1 Interference colors – Birefringence 
2.5.2 Anomalous interference colors 
2.5.3 Position of the indicatrix – Angle of extinction 
2.5.4 Sign of elongation 
2.5.5 Twinning 
2.6 Observations in convergent polarized light 
2.6.1 Obtain an interference figure 
2.6.2 Uniaxial mineral: section perpendicular to the optic axis 
2.6.2.1 Determining optic sign 
2.6.3 Biaxial mineral: section perpendicular to an optic axis 
2.6.3.1 Determining optic sign 
2.6.4 Biaxial mineral: section perpendicular to the bisector of the acute angle of the optic axes 
2.6.4.1 Determining optic sign 
2.6.5 Dispersion 
2.7 Fluid and melt inclusions in rock-forming minerals
2.7.1 Definitions 
2.7.2 Identification of the fluid/melt content 
2.7.3 Primary versus secondary inclusions 
2.7.4 Potential interest of fluid/melt inclusion studies 
3 Systematic mineralogy 
3.1 Major tectosilicates: quartz – feldspars – feldspathoids 
3.1.1 Silica group 
3.1.2 Feldspars
3.1.2.1 Chemical composition 
3.1.2.2 Stability of feldspars
3.1.2.3 Occurrences of feldspars 
3.1.2.4 Alteration of the feldspars 
3.1.3 Feldspathoids 
3.1.3.1 Chemical composition 
3.1.3.2 Occurrences 
3.2 Major ferro-magnesian minerals: micas, chlorites, amphiboles, pyroxenes, olivines, serpentines 
3.2.1 Micas and related minerals 
3.2.1.1 Structure and chemical composition 
3.2.1.2 Alterations of micas 
3.2.1.3 Stability of micas 
3.2.1.4 Occurrences of micas 
3.2.1.5 Lithium-bearing micas 
3.2.1.6 Paragonite 
3.2.1.7 Brittle micas
3.2.1.8 Stilpnomelane 
3.2.1.9 Talc 
3.2.1.10 Zussmanite – Howieite – Deerite 
3.2.2 Chlorites 
3.2.2.1 Structure and chemical composition 
3.2.2.2 Occurrences of chlorites 
3.2.3 Amphiboles 
3.2.3.1 Structure and chemical composition 
3.2.3.2 Classification of the amphiboles (Leake, 1978) 
3.2.3.3 Stability of amphiboles 
3.2.3.4 Occurrences of amphiboles 
3.2.4 Pyroxenes 
3.2.4.1 Structure and chemical composition 
3.2.4.2 Stability of pyroxenes 
3.2.4.3 Occurrences of the pyroxenes 
3.2.5 Olivine group 
3.2.5.1 Structure and chemical composition 
3.2.5.2 Stability of olivines 
3.2.5.3 Occurrences of olivines 
3.2.5.4 Alterations of olivine 
3.2.6 Serpentine and serpentinization 
3.3 Aluminous minerals 
3.3.1 Structure and chemical composition 
3.3.1.1 Alumina silicates: andalusite, sillimanite, kyanite 
3.3.1.2 Aluminous garnets 
3.3.1.3 Staurolite 
3.3.1.4 Chloritoid 
3.3.1.5 Cordierite 
3.3.1.6 Magnesiocarpholite 
3.3.1.7 Sapphirine 
3.3.1.8 Topaz 
3.3.1.9 Beryl 
3.3.1.10 Corundum 
3.3.1.11 Pyrophyllite 
3.3.1.12 Diaspore (gibbsite and boehmite) 
3.3.2 Occurrences 
3.3.2.1 Metamorphic rocks 
3.3.2.2 Igneous rocks 
3.3.2.3 Metasomatic rocks 
3.3.2.4 Sedimentary rocks and alterites 
3.4 Calcic, magnesian and calc-magnesian minerals 
3.4.1 Chemical composition and stability 
3.4.1.1 Carbonates 
3.4.1.2 Aluminous, anhydrous and hydrated, calcic silicates 
3.4.1.3 Non aluminous calcium silicates 
3.4.1.4 Magnesian, non-aluminous silicates (oxides and hydroxides) (anhydrous and hydrated; saturated and under-saturated in silica) 
3.4.1.5 Ferro-magnesian calcic silicates 
3.4.2 Occurrences 
3.4.2.1 Sedimentary rocks 
3.4.2.2 Metamorphic rocks 
3.4.2.3 Igneous rocks 
3.4.2.4 Hydrothermal veins
3.4.2.5 Alteration minerals 
3.5 Accessory minerals 
3.5.1 Spinel group 
3.5.1.1 Chemical composition 
3.5.1.2 Occurrences 
3.5.2 Boron minerals 
3.5.2.1 Tourmaline 
3.5.2.2 Axinite
3.5.2.3 Datolite 
3.5.3 Phosphates 
3.5.3.1 Apatite 
3.5.3.2 Monazite 
3.5.3.3 Xenotime 
3.5.4 Lithium bearing minerals 
3.5.4.1 Amblygonite 
3.5.4.2 Petalite 
3.5.4.3 Pollucite 
3.5.5 Titanium bearing minerals 
3.5.5.1 Rutile 
3.5.5.2 Ilmenite 
3.5.5.3 Titanite 
3.5.5.4 Perovskite 
3.5.6 Zircon 
3.5.7 Titano-and zircono-silicates and silicates of the alkaline rocks 
3.5.8 Oxides of niobium, tantale and zirconium of alkaline rocks 
3.6 Minerals of sedimentary rocks and alterites 
3.6.1 Clay minerals 
3.6.1.1 Structure and chemical composition 
3.6.1.2 Occurrences 
3.6.2 Evaporites minerals 
3.7 Ore minerals 
3.7.1 Barite 
3.7.2 Fluorite 
3.7.3 Sphalerite 
3.7.4 Scheelite 
3.7.5 Cassiterite 
Appendix – Calculation of the structural formula of a mineral 
A selection of books 
References 
Websites 
Index