Mineral Water: From Basic Research to Clinical Applications

Contents
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments
Chapter 1
Natural Mineral Waters:  Concept and Classifications
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Concept
		Bottled Natural Mineral Waters
		Natural Mineral Waters Used in Health Resort Medicine
	Classification of Bottled Natural  Mineral Waters
		Fixed Residue Content
		Ionic Content
	Classification of Natural Mineral Waters  Used in Health Resort Medicine
		Temperature
		Overall Mineralisation
		Ionic Content
		Chlorides
		Sulphates
		Bicarbonates
		Sodium
		Calcium
		Magnesium
		Specific Compounds
		Ferruginous
		Sulphur
		Carbogaseous or Acidulous
		Radioactive
		Other Classifications
			Hardness
		Molar Concentration
			BS ISO 21426:2018
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 2
Clinical and Immunological Effects of Inhaled Thermal Waters  in Chronic Obstructive  Pulmonary Disease
	Abstract
	Introduction
	General Aspects about Chronic  Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
		Diagnosis and Clinical Assessment of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
			Lung Function Tests
			Questionnaires for Symptoms and Quality of Life
				Borg Dyspnoea Score
				COPD Assessment Test
				St George’s Respiratory Questionnaire
			Exercise Tolerance Tests
				The 6-Minute Walk Test
			Tests for Analysis of Lung Inflammation
				Induced Sputum
				Exhaled Breath Condensate
	Clinical Concepts about Chronic  Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
		General Aspects
	Pathophysiology of Chronic  Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
		Cellular Aspects of Inflammation
			Arachidonic Acid Derivatives
			Oxidative Stress
			Endogenous Hydrogen Sulphide
			pH in Exhaled Breath Condensate
	Clinical and Anti-Inflammatory Effects  of Sulphurous Thermal Natural Mineral Waters in Chronic Obstructive  Pulmonary Disease
	Clinical and Anti-Inflammatory Effects  of Salt-Bromide-Iodine Natural Mineral Thermal Waters in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 3
Thermal Waters in Otorhinolaryngology
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Methods
	Results and Discussion
		Rhinology
			General Aspects of Sinonasal Diseases
			Sulphurous Thermal Water
			Chloride-Sodium Thermal Water
			Salso-Bromo-Iodine Thermal Water
			Carbon Dioxide-Enriched Thermal Water
			Bicarbonate-Calcium-Magnesium Thermal Water
			Radioactive Thermal Water
			Several Waters - Review Articles
			Final Remarks
		Otology
			General Aspects of Otitis Media with Effusion
			Sulphurous Thermal Water
			Salso-Bromo-Iodine Thermal Water
			Final Remarks
		Laryngology, Pharyngology, and Upper Respiratory Tract Diseases
			General Aspects of Laryngitis and Pharyngitis
			Sulphurous Thermal Water
			Salt-Bromide-Iodine Thermal Water
			Salty-Earthy-Alkaline Thermal Water
			Several Waters - Review Articles
			Final Remarks
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 4
Spa Therapies and Rheumatic Diseases
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Spa Therapy and Rheumatic Diseases
	Spa Therapy and Rheumatoid Arthritis
	Spa Therapy and Osteoarthritis
	Spa Therapy and Fibromyalgia
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 5
Mineral Water Consumption  and Diet-Induced Acid Load:  Putative Relevance for Bone Health
	Abstract
	Diet-Induced Acid Load  and Distinct Clinical Outcomes
	Diet-Induced Acid Load  and Bone Metabolism/Bone Health
		Mineral Water Consumption and Diet-Induced Acid Load:  An Overview
	Mineral Water Consumption, Mineral/Ion Content of Water and Diet-Induced Acid Load: Putative Relevance for Bone  Metabolism/Bone Health
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 6
Mineral Waters in Dermatology
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Historical Aspects of the Use of Mineral Waters in Dermatology
	Mineral Waters and Balneotherapy  in Dermatology
		Inflammatory and Immunological Aspects
		Free Radical Aspects
		Effect on Beta-Endorphins Levels
		Antibacterial and Antifungal Effects
		Cellular Renewal and Healing of Wounds
		Therapeutic Uses
		Psoriasis
		Atopic Dermatitis
		Burns
		Cancer
		Other Skin Disorders
	Mineral Waters and Cosmetics
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 7
Water - A New Non-Pharmacological Therapeutic Agent Against Metabolic Dysfunction Through  Gut Microbiota Modulation?
	Abstract
	Water - Implications in Metabolic  Health and Disease
	Gut Microbiota - Implications in Metabolic Health and Disease
	Impact upon Gut Microbiota  of Different Waters
		Effects of Water Mineral/Ion and Gas Composition on the Gut Microbiota
		Water pH Effects on the Gut Microbiota
		Effects of Other Water Consumption Properties on the Gut Microbiota: First Contact with Drinking Water, Water Intake Volume and Water Security
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 8
Influence of Mineral Waters  Upon Membrane Transporters
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Effect on Membrane Transport  of Organic Compounds
		Effect on Butyrate Transport
		Effect on Glucose Transport
		Effect on Lactulose and Mannitol Transport
		Effect on Lipid Transport
			Food Lipids
			Oleic Acid
		Effect on Epidermoside Transport
		Effect on SERT-Mediated Serotonin Transport
		Effect on Bisphosphonates Transport
		Alendronate
		Risedronate
	Effect on the Membrane Transport  of Inorganic Elements
		Effect on Na+, K+-ATPase Activity
		Effect on Ca2+ Transport
			Ca2+ Urinary Excretion
			TRPV6-Mediated Ca2+ Transport
		Effect on Aquaporin Activity
		Effect on Aluminium Transport
		Effect on Iron Transport
	Conclusion
	References
About the Editor
List of Contributors
Index
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